As an eloquence, as well as language skills, the ability to express one’s thoughts beautiful, effective and following the rules of grammar. Whoever is eloquent, can speak confidentially and knows how to express himself. The term can be used in the mother tongue, foreign languages, as well as in the written and spoken language. Eloquence is characterized by the correct application of the grammar and vocabulary of the language as well as its language and stylistic means.
Month: September 2017
Eloge
As Eloge is usually a eulogy and the exuberant praise as well as rarely the flattery. Such an eloge may be in the form of an address, but also a written statement. It is distinguished by compliments and honorable words. In most cases it is positively evaluated and can be used synonymously to the terms praise, anthem, laudation and eulogy. Rarely is the term negatively used to refer to a form of exaggerated flattery, even if this interpretation is also possible. In France in the seventeenth century, there was also a rhetorical discipline, known as the Éloges, which were held in the form of an obituary to the deceased members of the Académie des Sciences as a public tribute to the tomb, and mostly by their successors.
Ellipse
An ellipse is a stylistic device of rhetoric. The ellipse describes the fact that a sentence is grammatically incomplete and thus shortened. Accordingly, unimportant portions of the set are omitted to effect a gain, the content being clearly understood. The figure is typical for a fast word combat (see Stichomythie) as well as the Brachylogie, which achieves the maximum of meaningfulness with minimal word effort and works of Sturm und Drang.
Elfenbeinturm
In the literature and philosophy, the ivory tower is an allegory which means the isolation, also isolation, of an artist, which is separated from the actual reality of life, to dedicate itself only to meditation and the creation of art. Furthermore, the ivory tower is a metaphor that stands for a secluded, untouched place. In the Christian tradition, the ivory tower is a symbol of purity. According to today’s understanding, the art production in the ivory tower means an artist who is withdrawn and devoted exclusively to art.
Elfchen
The elf is a form of the poem, which pupils mainly meet in elementary school. The elf consists of five verses and eleven words, from which the name of the elf is derived. Each verse has a different number of words and answers another question or reflects other content and aspects.
Elegie
The elegy was originally called distracted distiches. According to this, Elegy was a general expression for poems, written in distant times. The distichon is a combination consisting of hexameter and pentameter. Later, elegies are mainly regarded as poetic poems written to express grief over death, separation, loss, and the like, or portray the contradiction between ideal and life.
Elaborat
The term elaborate is something elaborated, whereby the term mainly means a written elaboration, which is also called elaboration. For the most part, the term is used as a derogatory term, meaning an ingenuous, not very carefully prepared, written work. In the high-level language usage, however, a completed written work is also called elaborate. Consequently, attention must be paid to the respective context in order to tap the actual meaning. The term can refer to essays, pamphlets, tracts, monographs, manuscripts and thus all written work.
Dystopie
Dystopia, also called anti-utopia and matopia, is the counterpart of positive utopia (cf. eutopia). Dystopia is a narrative which shows a negative distortion of future humanity. This future is characterized by a society that has developed into a negative one. Frequent themes are the enslavement of mankind and, in general, the circumcision of all freedoms, which is often caused by an over-powerful technique, which was designed by man himself, but can no longer be dealt with in the future. In addition, dystopia often shows the totalitarian state and its power, with only small groups enjoying privileges and lower and middle class living standards below the level of contemporary societies. There is often a protagonist in these dystopias, who inquires about these social conditions and feels that something is in the arrogance, in which case he rebels against the system or the rulers.
Duecento
As Duecento, the 13th century is described in literature and art in Italy. What is meant here is, above all, the time of the Protestant Renaissance, that is, the predecessors of the Renaissance, which were reflected in art and architecture, as well as the tendencies which they favored. For the first time the ancient models, which then became the central motif in the Renaissance, were imitated. In terms of architecture, this is mainly due to the marble cladding of buildings, with Italian gothic flourishing during this period. There is a new self-awareness in the literature, which led to Italian authors writing in their language for the first time. Other centuries that revolve around the Italian Renaissance are described by art historians as Duecento, Trecento, Quattrocento, Cinquecento, and Seicento (cf. Literaturepochen).
Trilogie (Dreiteiler)
A trilogy, also a three-part, is a work that is composed of three parts. A trilogy can be a literary, cinematic or even musical work, although the term is now used in other fields. It is essential for the trilogy that its individual parts mostly function independently, which means that these have a common framework, but appear to be self-contained (see Mehrteiler). Consequently, trilogies are rarely interrupted by strong cliffhangers, which would interrupt the act shown.
Dossier
A dossier is a collection of different documents on a particular topic. These bundled documents are mostly held together by a solid cover. Such a dossier contains different information on the respective topic, with no specification of which information is combined. Accordingly, economic reports, reports, minutes, statements, essays and the like may be included in the dossier. This term also means a kind of time article (newspaper dossier). They prepare information from files, and a bundling of several newspaper articles, reports, interviews, portraits or similar on a topic in magazines (often as a special supplement) is named as a dossier.
Doppelreim
The double rhyme is a rhyme style. As the double rhymes, triple or even syllable end rhymes are designated with the following line. This means that in successive verses several syllables are rhymed, which form the end of the line. A special form of this type of rhyme is the shaking rhyme, in which the initial consonants of rhyming syllables of a rhyme pair are exchanged.
Dithyrambus
As a dithyrambus, also called dithyrambos, has been a Greek, cultic choral song, or a reigen, which was performed in honor of the god Dionysus, although other gods or heroes were sung alongside the winery. The dithyrambus is characterized by an ecstatic seizure of the chorus and was performed in a change of chorus and prelude. Such dithyrambs have been used since the seventh century BC, Are documented in almost every literary epoch, characterized by irregularities in the structure of verses and verses. The choral element with the ode and the anthem is related to it, whereby the glorification of the god in the dithyrambile appears to be even more pronounced (see poems).
Distichon
The distich is a two-line, where the first verse is a hexameter and the second line is a pentameter. There are, in principle, two poems which are characterized by the distich: the epigram and the elegy. The epigram consists, for the most part, of a distichon, where the elegy is formed from the series of several distals.
Disput
Dispute is a controversial conversation or dispute. Anyone who has a dispute with a person carries with him a word battle and tries to carry his own arguments to any point of view and convince his opponent. The person who disputes a dispute is called a disputant. The disputation was originally an exercise in rhetoric and since the Middle Ages an integral part of the academic training.
Diseuse
In the cabaret, an artist is called Diseuse, who can read alien or own chansons – songs that are rooted in French culture – as well as texts. The terms chansonnière or chansonnette are used synonymously in German, whereas the male counterpart of the disease is called disease. In general, the term means a votrag-artist, who plays chanting, songs, or proverbs in the cabaret or on a trolley stage.
Discours
A discourse is described as discours. Consequently, the concept is derived from the theory of theories. Together with the histoire, the discours form two elements of narrative, which are closely linked. The histoire refers to the narrated history of a text, whereas the actual text of a work is designated as discours.
Diphthong
The diphthong, also twig and bifurcation, is a double of two consecutive vowels, which are different. This means that the two vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are connected during speech and are not spoken separately. In German these combinations are common: au, ei, ai, eu, äu and ui. The dipthongues ei / ai and eu / äu are alike
Dionysien
The Dionysia are the festival in honor of the god Dionysus in Greek antiquity. Dionysus is the god of wine, joy, fertility, grapes, ecstasy and madness. Initially, this involved ceremonies of solemn, cultic ceremonies that were religiously shaped, and the urban Dionysia developed in Athens. From then on, these were committed annually between March and April and lasted for eight days. Cultic rituals (dance, sacrifice, singing) were practiced, which in the end were regarded as predecessors of Greek comedy and tragedy. Very characteristic of this are the so-called dithyrambs, that is, hymn-like choral songs, which were performed in honor of the god Dionysus. The urban Dionysia was characterized by a strong influence on the worship of Athena and Dionysus. The city was dominated by Peisistratos (around 600 BC – 528/527 BC), a statesman and tyrant. Dionysia is also the main contest of the comedies and tragedy poets (Agon) who showed their works during the festival.
Dingsymbol
In the literature, objects, animals or even plants, which have a symbolic meaning in the respective work, are referred to as objects. Such symbols are found in all literary genres, but are particularly characteristic of the ballad (see poems) and the novel. Dingsymbols play a central role in this process and are repeated at significant points in the work, whereby they can assume a leitmotiv character. The thing symbol can illustrate the deeper meaning connections of a work and symbolically represent specific sequences. The term comes from the novelty theory.
Dinggedicht
A poem is called a poem. The thing poem means a poem that places an object in the center and is written from its perspective. The poem type aims to imitate the essence of the thing from its point of view, as if ebendieses object speaks about itself. Objects are described as objects that do not have their own voice. Thus, poetry can reveal the view of an actual thing (object, artwork, etc.), but also that of living creatures (plants, animals, etc.). A well-known example is The Panther of Rilke.
Diminutiv
As a diminutive, also deminutive, diminutive, deminutivum, the grammar describes the diminution and annihilation of a noun (noun). In German the diminutive is formed by the hanging of -chen or -lein. Often, the root vowel changes to an umlaut (sum → penny). The diminutive can be used for the formation of nicknames, but also for cousins, as well as a rhetorical stylistic (Litotes).
Dilogie (Zweiteiler)
A work, which is composed of two parts, is designated as a dilogy, also a second work. Such a dilogy can be a literary, cinematic, but also musical work. However, the term is mostly used in connection with literary products (eg novels) as well as with regard to films. Often, the individual works of the second-hand work independently, which means that the action of the individual work is often completed in itself (see also: multipart).
Dilettant
A dilettante is the one who practices an art, or even science, solely from hobby, that is to say, for pleasure, and has not exercised it as a profession, or has learned through an education. Thus, the amateur is an amateur, also a layman, and thus differs from the expert. Nevertheless, dilettanteism can not be equated with stupidity, that is, unclean work, because masterpieces and perfect works can be created by amateurs. However, the term is sometimes used as a depreciation for a person who does not understand their subject.
Dilemma
A dilemma, also called a pinch, is the compulsion of a person who has to choose between two possibilities that are equally difficult and unpleasant. Accordingly, the dilemma is always a situation which offers several ways out, but none of them leads to the desired result. Furthermore, the choice between two positive things can be called a dilemma. If there are three options to choose from, one usually speaks of a trilemma, there are several options, from a polylemma.
Digest
The Digest was originally a collection of legal writings or court decisions. Later, the term described mainly a compilation of short excerpts of certain writings, which had already been published in other forms. This could be an excerpt of essays, contributions or entire books, which illuminated a subject area. In general, the term therefore means a collection of excerpts from publications.
Dichter
The author is described as a poet by linguistics. Consequently, a poet is the author of poetry, which in the widest sense is perceived as both literary and linguistic art. In principle, the term can mean the creator of a literary genre, but is now used mainly for artists who are concerned with lyric poetry, but the term “writer” is more common. Even in the Middle Ages, Poet and Poet had the same meaning, but at the latest since the storm and impulse, the poet was regarded as a lover (cf. dilettante) and the poet as genius and author of high literature.
Diaphora
Diaphroa, also called Diapher, is a rhetorical stylistic device used in all literary genres. The diaphora is the repetition of a word or a word sequence in different meaning. The word is, therefore, meant in the repetition in a different way, or is perceived differently from the first mention. Thus, the words are orthographically identical, while homophones (similarity in other spelling) are possible in the oral.
Devise
The currency is either a bill that is payable abroad, that is, a currency in a foreign currency or a term from the heraldry. Heraldry is a term for the coat of arms and deals with the art of the wappen, as well as the right. The Divisa was originally a divided field with an inscription within the coat of arms. Nowadays, however, currency is mainly the thought or the choice of a person or group, as well as their personal slogan.
Deutungshypothese
The interpretation hypothesis is usually encountered in the German language of the upper level, and is a part of poetic analysis and interpretation. In the interpretation hypothesis, we sketch in a few sentences what the basic statement of a text might be. This interpretation hypothesis, however, does not have to be correct and is merely our presumption. We can also contradict it, and expand and alter it following the poetic analysis.
Deuteragonist
The Deuteragonist is the second actor in the Greek drama and often forms the counterpart to the protagonist, who according to the word is the “first fighter”. The name goes back to the Greek theater of antiquity.
Deus ex machina
Deus ex machina is a Latin saying that God means from the machine. This twist marks the sudden emergence of a deity in the ancient tragedy that resolves a conflict. In the Greek drama, there were conflicts, which could not always be solved by the action of the work: these conflicts were solved externally by the surprising intervention of a deity hovering above the theater stage by means of a lifting machine. In addition, deus ex machina is literally used when conflicts are solved by the sudden and unmotivated intervention of external powers in theater and everyday life (see Dénouement).
Destan
As Destan is a member of the Turkish poetry, which has epic elements and was mainly spread in the Middle Ages. The song is mostly arranged in verses composed of eleven silver, usually singing regional heroes, legends or events in Destan. At times the term is also used to refer to Turkish narratives, which are transmitted orally. The author, however, is usually not known in both cases and therefore anonymous (see Adespota).
Desiderat
The Desiderat describes an object or an object that is missing or still being used. The word desiderat or desideratum is derived from Latin (pl. Desiderata, Latin desiderata).
Dénouement
The Dénouement is a dramatic element. As Dénouement describes a resolution of the conflict in drama. Meanwhile, the term is also applied to other genera and is also common in the epic. According to Gustav Freytag’s drama of drama, there is a dramatic work of exposition, elevation with an exciting moment, climax with peripetia, falling action with retardation and catastrophe, which in tragedy causes the denouement.
Dedikation
Dedication means the dedication or appropriation of a work, whether literary or not, to a particular person. Dedication – if literary – finds its place on the first page of a work and is the epitome of the gratitude or the attachment of an author to another person named in the dedication.
Demagogie
Demagogy refers to popular upheaval, popular seduction and political agitation. Consequently, a demagogue stirs up the emotions of his listeners, using stereotypes and prejudices in order ultimately to gain power. Demagogic, therefore, are unsophisticated, disparaging, and public utterances, which are made for the purpose of provoking hatred of persons or groups. Demagogy is polemic, manipulative, and highly destructive.
Debüt
As a debut, the first appearance in a public or the first work (usually an artist), which is presented to the public, is described as the debut in theater, opera, ballet and film. The term is mainly used with regard to artists and actors, but can also be used in sport (first game in a new team). As a result, the first role an actor plays is described as a debut role and the artist as a debutant / debutant. A debutant is also a young woman, who is “introduced into society”.
Daktylus
The Dactylus is a pedunculate, which is composed of three syllables. A verse rhythmizes a lyrical text and determines our reading. The Dactylus is formed by the sequence of a heavy and two light syllables in a verse, and belongs to the four basic metrics of the accentuating metric (→ verse) in addition to Jambus, Trochaeus and Anapaest.
Da capo
As Da capo is meant in the music the instruction, a piece of music – when the musicians are instructed at the instruction – to play again from the beginning. The instruction Da capo is usually completed with al fine. This means that the work is played from the beginning to the note fine. This note can be either actually at the end of the work or at any point within the notation. In addition, Da capo! as an acclamation call from the audience, to recruit musicians, singers or actors. This exclamation is intended to show that the piece was so good that one would like to hear it from the beginning.
Coverstory
A coverstory, also cover story, is used in journalism, but also in journalism, to describe the contribution of a magazine (magazine, magazine), which is represented by the cover of the edition. Accordingly, this is a contribution which is particularly exposed and thus receives increased attention. As a rule, the coverstory has a larger scope, where there is no definition for a certain genre, which is why reports, reports, interviews and other journalistic text forms as well as photo series can be represented on the title page.
Correctio
Correctio is a rhetorical stylistic device which can be encountered in all literary genres. The Correctio describes that a statement is immediately withdrawn and replaced by a weaker or stronger expression. The stylistic figure is therefore a self-correction, in order to reinforce a statement and to relate it to the metaphrase.
Contradictio in adiecto
The contradictio in adiecto is a rhetorical stylistic means and is formed of an adjective and a noun which mutually exclude each other. The contradictio in adiecto is therefore a special form of the oxymoron, which links two concepts which fundamentally contradict or even rule out. The stylistic is also related to the paradox.
Constructio ad sensum
Constructio ad sensum, also Constructio kata synesin or synesis and synesis, is a grammatical conspicuousness that can also be used as stylistic means. The point is that sentences that are syntactically related to one another do not coincide in number, sometimes also in genus. Often, the stylistic figure is found when the speaker uses a singular term, which is thus in the singular, and constructs the further sentence in the sense of the plural. However, this is also possible in reverse. In addition, the Constructio ad sensum can also occur through the superposition of the grammatical gender by the natural.
Concession
The Concession is a rhetorical stylistic tool, which is mainly used in speeches. Anyone using a Concession takes up the opponent’s argument and also acknowledges that it is correct. However, it makes it ineffective in the same train, by giving an argument which is stronger and thus weakened (→ argument types).
Cliffhanger
As Cliffhanger is the breaking in the most exciting moment of a narrated history designated. Typical is the cliffhanger for continuation romans as well as TV series, but is also used with multi-part Kinofilmen. What is important is that the action is condensed shortly before, the tension rises and is broken off at an ebendiese moment and is referred to a continuation. The means is primarily intended to encourage the recipient (reader, viewer, listener) to buy the continuation or to visit a possible follow-up event.
Chronique scandaleuse
The Chronique scandaleuse is a collection or selection of texts that combine scandals as well as gossip stories about persons, places, epochs or milieus. Secret stories of people of a higher rank (eg nobles, clergy) were often spread, although the correctness of the narrated anecdotes was in the least of all cases secured and, consequently, a great many untruths were spread. Sometimes the term is also defined as a secret – sometimes maliciously exaggerated – selection of the mistakes of other persons or individual places.
Chrestomathie
A compilation of texts by different authors in a language, which seems especially useful for the teaching of ebian language, is described as Chrestomathy. Above all, fonts are used in prose. In general language usage, and especially since the modern age, however, chestomathy means any collection of selected texts and text excerpts, which is intended for the lesson, and thereby bundles the most important authors of a country. In contrast to the anthology, which also refers to a (subject-related) collection of individual texts, in the case of chestomathy, the main focus is that it should actually be learned with it. Consequently, this compilation represents a pre-form of today’s reading book.
Chick lit
As chick lit, where lit is the short form of literature (~ literature), one refers to fiction, which is mainly directed at young women. The term could be translated literally with Tussi literature. The meaning of this is that Chick lit is an unpretentious but humorous and shallow novel, whose target group is women. This term, which appeared for the first time in the 1990s, is quite positive.
Chiasmus
Chiasmus is a stylistic medium that we encounter in lyric poetry. In this case, equivalent words, partial sentences or sentences are arranged in a cross-wise manner in the immediate sequence. This means that the chiasmus describes the almost mirror image of one of these elements in the following section.