The animals that appear in a fable are called fox animals. Such felted animals generally have a very one-dimensional character. This means that for the reader, the roll distribution and the properties of the fox animals are already clear in advance and how the animal will behave. A similar division is found in legends or fairy tales.
Month: September 2017
Extravaganza
An extravaganza is a play that highlights the luxurious decoration of a theater as well as the astounding use of stage technology and stage machinery, but is characterized by a free style. The extravaganza is found mainly in the second half of the 19th century and comes from the US and English plays. In addition to the richly decorated stage pictures and costumes, the genre is distinguished by witty texts in rhymed couplets (stanzas of varying verses, ending in a pointed chorus), which are mostly performed in familiar melodies. Often, the extravaganza presents itself as a revue, pantomime, ballet and musical or mixes these forms together and recalls some circus performances. As a rule, myths and oriental, fantastic or fabulous fabrics are shown. Related forms are feerie and burlesque.
Exposition
As an exposition in the drama – partly also in novels – the effective introduction of the spectator or the reader is called. This means that the addressee (viewer, reader, listener) explains the basic mood, initial situation, conflicts and states as well as information about the place, the time and the persons of the work. Consequently, all the information relevant to the understanding of the following piece will be given to the addressee in the exposure. In the classical drama, exposure is involved in the first act, culminating in the exciting moment that builds the dramatic conflict. Basically, the exposure can also continue for the whole piece and then means all the moments of the drama, which contribute to the understanding of a starting point that is present in time.
Explicit
Explicit is the English word for express, clear and clear, but in the literature the term is used in medieval manuscripts and forms the short form for the Latin explicitum est volumen, which is translated approximately with the scroll of the scroll is completely transacted or for liber explicitus [est], which means the book is spread out. Linguistically, however, the word Explicit is an incorrect form, which probably arises from the Incipit. The first words of a manuscript are called Incipit. This concluding formula is found in medieval manuscripts, both at the end of longer paragraphs and at the end of a work, and is usually associated with the date and a note to the author. In the case of works whose authors are not known (see Adespota), which are also published under different titles, the names of Explicit, Incipit and Initia (initial words or letters) can be used to clarify which text is actually meant ,
Exlibris
As an ex-libris, also book-marks, book-marks and book-appropriation marks, a slip, which is glued in books and indicates to which the respective book belongs, is designated. Partially this function but also a stamp (Exlibrisstempel). The exlibris is usually found on the front page of a book that connects the book block to the book cover at the front and back or can be found on the title page of the respective publication. Before there were printed ex-libris, the reference to the property was handwritten. Such ex-libris appeared in the course of book printing, that is to say in the Renaissance. Books became more affordable, which led to the development of private libraries.
Exkurs
In the widest sense, digression is defined as the excursion from the actual theme. The excursus may be part of a scientific treatise and is either incorporated into it or annexed (see addendum). It is self-contained and serves the brief, subject-related supplementation of a larger work by discussing an object related to the main theme. The digression in the lecture can also be described as an excursus.
Exclamatio
Exclamation or exclamation is a stylistic device of rhetoric, and can only be encountered in direct expressions of literary figures. Exclamation is an affectionate exclamation, which means that it is sometimes accompanied by a violent emotional movement. Above all, the style figure is associated with the apostrophe.
Evergreen
As Evergreen, music is a song that has been released years ago or decades, but is often played in the media and is listened to by the audience and is known to most listeners. What is so special about such an evergreens is that listeners remember the play for a long time, and this lasts for the music taste of the decades. Quite often it is easier to remember simple melodies, distinctive rhythms, simple, structured songs, which have a text that is easy to remember and catchy choruses. On most of the Evergreens, one of the features presented is generally true. The so-called Gassenhauer are related, although the term Evergreen is mostly applied to English songs. Similar is also a catchy earworm. A catchy and memorable piece of music is called the earworm. Since this does not have to meet the music taste of most listeners, not every earworm is an evergreen, which often happens differently.
Euterpe
Euterpe, also Eutelpe, is one of the nine muses of Greek mythology. The Muses, handed over by the poet Hesiod, are the paternal gods of the arts, each of the Muses being assigned to an area and having an attribute describing it. Euterpe is the muse of lyric and flute play, and is generally described as a muse of music. Their attribute is a flute or aulos (a kind of double flute). Pindar, a Greek poet of antiquity, states that Euterpe, together with the river god Strymon, witnessed the Thracian king Rhesus, who was involved in the Trojan war, where he was killed by Diomedes.
Euphonie
Euphony is the name of the harmony in music and linguistics. In terms of music, the term means, above all, the harmony, that is, the harmony of the sounds. On a linguistic level, the Euphonic means that the sounds of the speech make a pleasant impression on the hearing. For example, sequences of equals, as well as noisy or difficult-to-pronounce consonant clusters, should be avoided if a word sequence should sound pleasant. In some words, sounds can also be euphonic. The counterpart is the cacophony.
Euphemismus
Euphemism is called a stylistic device, which is somewhat glossed over, instead of naming it directly. Euphemism can be found in all literary genres, as well as in everyday conversation. The stylistic figure can be deliberately used to trivialize a state of affairs and make it appear insignificant.
Erzählzeit
The narrative period is a concept from the narrative theory. The narrative time is the period of time required to read or narrate an epic work. In general, as a narrative time, the time may be to read, hear or even see an artistic work. The counterpart is the time told. It means the time range over which the action extends.
Erzählung
According to a general understanding, all the texts of the epic are designated as a narrative, and therefore all the works which are distinguished by a narrator (cf. narrative perspective) and thus can be distinguished from drama and lyric. For the most part, epic texts are written in prose, even if there are examples based on verses. As a result, the narrative is then a synonym for novels, novels, short stories, anecdotes, fairy tales, etc. In particular, however, the term is intended to mean a very specific genre whose characteristics can not be clearly identified. Essential is that it is a rather short story, which mostly has a clear introduction, a main part, and a conclusion, as well as a straightforward plot, which delimits itself from the nested novel, not the sharp criteria of novellas and short stories Fulfills. The course of action is usually narrated from a narrative perspective and chronologically. Fade-outs are more realized by memories or letters.
Erzählte Zeit
The narrated time is a concept from the narrative theory. The period of time, which includes an epic work, is referred to as the narrated time. It is, therefore, the fictitious period or duration of the narrative story narrated. Opposite is the narrative period. The narrative time is the time a reader needs to actually read a work.
Erzählte Welt
The narrated world is a concept from the narrative theory. The narrated world describes the what-side of a narrative. With regard to what is, on the one hand, interesting the histoire which the history of a text means (what happens and why it happens?) And, on the other hand, the narrated world. This includes all the figures, objects, spaces and actions that the text describes. In the fictitious world, different rules may apply, as in reality.
Erzählperspektive
Every epic text has a narrator, a voice that tells the reader the story. This narrator can take very different positions, so change the perspective from which it is told. Thus the narrative perspective is the view from which a literary work is narrated. We distinguish between four different narrative perspectives: auctorial, personal, neutral as well as the special form of the I narrative.
Erzählhaltung
An author who writes a narrative text creates a fictitious narrator who tells it. It is important that this narrator is not identical with the author of the text. But as the author writes the text, he can pretend different things for the narrator. For example, the author determines what the narrator knows about the figures of the story (see the perspective of the story) and what attitude he has to the narrative. This attitude is called narrative attitude and thus means the narrator’s attitude to the narrative. Such a valuation is usually part of the narrative report.
Erzählerbericht
Epic works have basically two speech situations: the narrative report and the figurative speech. As a narrative report, all utterances are described in an epic work that does not belong to the figurative speech. This means that the narrative report means all the statements within a text which are not thought, spoken, or expressed by a figure of the text.
Erstlingswerk
The first literary text of an author is referred to as the first book, although it does not matter whether it has ever been published or not. Thus, for example, the actual first edition could also appear after a possible romance book, and thus be made accessible to the public only later. The first work marks the beginning of the artistic œuvre, while the later divisions of the creative phase – for example in early and late works – are not exactly defined. The filmic counterpart is called Erstlingsfilm.
Erstaufführung
The term first performance (abbreviated as EA) means the first performance of a stage work or piece of music in a translation, sometimes including the respective language of the translation (eg “German-language premiere”, abbreviation: DSE). The actual first performance in the original language is again referred to as the world premiere. Sometimes, however, the first performance at a different venue – at which the premiere of the work did not take place – is also referred to as the first performance (for example, “Erstaufführung in Berlin”).
Erscheinungsort
The place of publication is the place where a publication was published. The place of publication, as well as the year of publication, as well as appearance, are cited in the imprint of the publication. In the case of printing presses, one also speaks of the printing location, which is usually the publisher’s seat, even if the work was actually printed elsewhere. The listed place of publication is however not always reliable. Above all, the publications of the Early Modern Period – the transition from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance – are sometimes characterized by false information. Here, false city data – especially with delicate writings – should obscure the real origin. Certain locations such as Cologne and the fictitious cities of Utopia, Freistadt or unlikely place names clearly pointed out that the content of the book was or should be at least so .
Erscheinungsjahr
The year in which a publication came onto the market is also referred to as the year of publication, also the publication year, in the case of printed products. The publication year is usually stated in the imprint, although this information is not always reliable. Above all, works of the early modern period – that is, the transition from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance – are characterized by various indications: texts were pre-dated, for example, in the following year. In addition, the title sheets of individual fonts were partly provided with an updated year of appearance, in order to appear at the latest and thus to distribute the old edition. This was especially the case with novels of the 17th and 18th century.
Erregendes Moment
An exciting moment is an element in classical drama. It serves to create a dramatic conflict and to arouse suspense. It denotes the point when the protagonist takes the decision that leads to the following action. It may also be the antagonist’s decision to set the hero in motion through an action or intrigue. The exciting moment culminates in the climax of the drama, the so-called peripetia.
Errata
Erratum is a misprint, whereas the majority of Errata mostly refer to an addendum (supplement, appendix) to a document which informs the reader of these misprints. As a rule, the errors, which are recorded and documented by such errata, are corrected in a next edition of the printed product. Errata are also referred to as corrigenda and proofreading. They have been used as a side dish since the 16th century.
Erlebte Rede
The spoken speech is a form of the figurative speech and encounters us in epic texts, usually accompanied by a personal narrator. The speech is between direct and indirect speech and is a mixed form of narrative and monologue (self-talk). The spoken speech means the refraction of a person’s thoughts or words into the perspective of the consciousness that she experiences. It is expressed in the indicative third person.
Epyllion
Epilion is described as a form of poetry that was widespread in Greek antiquity, but especially in Hellenism (336 BC – 30 BC) and is therefore characteristic of the Alexandrian literature, but also in the Roman language Poetry played a role, as in the case of neoterics. In contrast to the epic, which meant dissolute, poetical tales, the Epyllion can be regarded as a small form, which, in shorter episodes, revolves around mythical, erotic, or historical contents in verse. Such an epyllium could be between 100 and 800 verses and was usually written in hexameters or also distichs – a hexameter and pentameter pair. This small form stood against the great heroic epic, which was no longer regarded as contemporary. Nevertheless, some phrases of the epic language were used, which either refer to the overcoming of the epic or can be regarded as a form of the parody of the large form. The epilion was popular mainly by the poet Kallimachus.
Eponym
The eponym describes a generic name derived from the name of a single individual, such as Zeppelin as the name for an airship or a pace for the papers. In linguistics a further differentiation is made, here the eponym is named the author himself, and the derived genus designation is summarized under the opposite term “deonym”.
Epizeuxis
The Epizeuxis is a rhetorical stylistic medium and encounters us in texts of all kinds and genres. Epizeuxis are the three or more repetitions of a word or group of words. Consequently, the Epizeuxis belongs to the figures of the word repetition (Repititio) and is still related to the stylistic means Geminatio, Anadiplose and Epanalepse.
Epitome
A work is described as an epitome, which is itself an extract of a larger, more extensive work. The epitome is therefore an excerpt which exemplifies an important aspect of the main work and illustrates this, whereby the essentials are brought to the point. The epitomies can also appear as a brief textbook that summarizes a certain area of knowledge (see Compendium). In addition, the term for historical breaks (short presentation of a thing) as well as for the contents or even summaries of literary works are used (eg epitomics of the Alexanderroman).
Epitomator
The epithet is the epitome of an epithet. The epitome is a work that is itself an extract from a more comprehensive work. The epitome is therefore an excerpt which exemplifies an important aspect of the main work and illustrates this, whereby the essentials are brought to the point. In addition, this term can be a scarce textbook that summarizes the essential aspects of a subject, which is also used for historical sketches (short presentation of a thing), as well as the contents or summaries of literary works. The person who composes or composes one of the described writings is hereinafter referred to as an epitomator.
Episch
The texts are epic, which belong to the literary genre of the epic, and, moreover, elements which appear in other genres but which are actually characteristic of the epic: there are, therefore, narrative elements in such a text, as in the poem form of the ballad , which is distinguished by lyrical and dramatic, but also epic features. In terms of colloquial terms, the term also means that a situation is shown very extensively and no individual is omitted. In the language of the youth, the term sometimes means cool, unbelievable or super, and comes from the gamers’ scene, which coined the epic epic for the adjectives and passed it through epic to german (jargon, jargon).
Epiploke
The epiploke is a rhetorical stylistic device used in all genres. This is a multiple anadiplosis. The anadiplosis means the fact that a sentence or sub-sentence ends with a word or a word sequence, which begins with the following sentence. The Epiploke ranks several times this special feature. The upper grip of both figures is epanalysis. In ancient times the term also described the connection of two similar verses.
Epiphrase
As an epiphrase, a rhetorical stylistic device is used that is used in all literary genres. The epiphrase describes a kind of repression. A sentence, which is syntactically complete, is supplemented by a supplement, either a word or a word sequence. As a result, an apparently complete sentence is supplemented by an addendum. The figure is related to the hyperbaton as well as the parenthesis and the ellipse and belongs to the word figures.
Epipher
The epiphany, also Epiphora, is a stylistic medium which encounters us in texts of all kinds and literary genre. The epipher is the single or multiple repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive sentences or verses. Their stylistic counterpart is the anaphor, which means a repetition at the beginning of successive verses and sentences.
Epilog
As an epilogue, the libel or the post-play in the drama as well as the epilogue or the conclusion in the literature and the rhetoric is called. The epilogue usually contains thoughts or themes about the work, which were not sufficiently illuminated in this work. It can contain an interpretation and an explanation of what has been read and seen, and reminds the recipient (the viewer, the reader) and encourages them to think. In addition, epilogues can offer space for the personal dedication of the author, which is common in prose works and especially in novels (see literary genres).
Epigramm
An epigram was once the inscription on tombstones, works of fine art, buildings, votive gifts and the like, which was written mainly in distributions. This gave rise to an independent form of poetry: the epigram. This is a short sense or mocking poem. Epigrams contain the most diverse thoughts and are often written in ruffled and pointed form. They address the mind, often want to instruct them and ask their readers to comment. The form of classical music (→ Literaturepochen) experienced its highlights.
Epenthese
The term “ephe- nesis” means the fact that a word in the word “inner” is supplemented by an additional language, thus facilitating pronunciation of the word. The epenthesis is also referred to as sound input as well as sound input. For example, the letter n in the adjective African is an epenthesis, since otherwise two vowels would meet each other (cf. Hiatus). The epenthesis thus serves the purpose of avoiding the hiatus, and facilitates the pronunciation of the word. Moreover, the epenthesis can be interpreted as stylistic means when the addition of a sound or a syllable occurs in the inner sense of the word for poetic or metrical reasons such as Mavors for Mars in Vergil’s work Aen (8, 700).
Epeisodion
The Epeisodion is an element originating from the ancient Greek drama. Epeisodion is a dialog between two choruses. Thus, the epeisodion separates the choruses and interrupts them. The dialogue before the move of the chorus, on the other hand, is called prologos, the dialogue after the last choral member exodos.
Epanodos
Epanodos is a stylistic means of repetition which is used in all genera. The epanodos means that the individual words of a sentence are repeated in the reverse word sequence. This means that the sentence elements of the sentence are mirrored, with the first word of the sentence moving to the end. The Epanodos is a special form of chiasmus. The sentence members are also mirrored, but it is not necessary for the words to be retained.
Epanastrophe
The epanastrophe is a rhetorical stylistic means of repetition, which is to be found mainly in lyric poetry. The epanastrophe is either (1) another term for the anadiplosis, or (2) means the repetition of the last verse of a stanza in the following verse. The anadiplosis means the fact that a proposition or part-sentence ends with a word which begins in the following sentence.
Epanalepse
The epanalysis is a rhetorical means of word repetition, which is used in all literary genres. The epanalysis refers to the fact that a word or a group of words is repeated immediately at the beginning or end of the sentence. By repeating individual elements, it has a reinforcing effect. The epanalysis is related to Geminatio, Epizeuxis, and Anadiplosis.
Epanadiplose
The epanadiplosis is a linguistic stylistic means of repetition used in all literary genres. The epanadiploses describe the fact that a word or a word sequence is repeated at the beginning and at the end of a text. This repetition can be at the beginning and at the end of individual verses, but also enclose stanzas or works (cf. Kyklos). The term is sometimes used synonymous with the anadiplosis, which means a resumption of the sentence or verse in the following sentence or verse, in order to intensify the intensity of the statement.
Enkomion
As an Enkomion is a eulogy, a praise, or even a praise poem, whereby in ancient times as a rhetorical art form was considered to write particularly beautiful Enkomien. As a rule human beings, ideas and things are praised or honored with the Enkomion, while a hymn to individual gods is called hymn. Originally the winners of important races (Agon) were honored with an Enkomion when they returned gloriously to the homeland. At the same time an ironic prosaic form developed, which was marked with the same concept and flattered in exaggerated measure. This ironic, partly satirical form, was then widely used in the court poetry of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The concepts of eloge, laudation, and panegyric are all related, all of which refer to types of eulogy and, moreover, the poem form of the Ode.
Enjambement
The Enjambement is a lyrical stylistic device that is not found in the spoken language, but only in the written one. Enjambement is the passage of a sentence or sense unit from a verse in the following. The stylistic device is also referred to as a line jump or break.
Endreim
The final rhyme is a form of rhymes. In contradistinction to the rule of alliteration, where words are rhymed with the same initial sound, or the inner rhyme, which circumscribes the rhyme in the verse, two or more verses are joined by the harmony of the last syllables. If these rhymes are arranged according to a certain pattern, they are called rhymes. Frequent rhymes are the pair rhymes, cross-rhymes, or even tail-rhymes.
Encheiridion
Enceiridion is defined as a manual or guide, which is an indispensable companion or guide in certain life situations or in the course of work. Theological and liturgical themes were originally dealt with in a work of this kind. In the course of the sixteenth century, medical guides or general manuals were later called the term. The genus described is similar to the so-called vademecum, which is, in the end, the Latin term for such a guide, whereby the word is also used as a concept for the guidebook literature itself.
Enallage
The Enallage is a special form of hypallage and a linguistic stylistic means, which means a shift of the word relations within one sentence. This means that a word within a sentence does not refer to the logical relationship word, but to another. Very often adjectives are grammatically assigned to a word or word component to which they do not belong. The Enallage is therefore usually used to decorate the language.
Emphase
The emphase is a rhetorical stylistic device, which is difficult to recognize, because it becomes clear in the spoken language. Emphasis is the elucidation of a general concept in order to show a particular feature of this concept. The emphasis is achieved by the context and the emphasis and gives the concept an additional, narrower meaning.
Empfindsamkeit
Sensitivity is a current that has emerged from the literary epoch of Enlightenment. In terms of content, it contributes to the rational and rational approaches of the Enlightenment the sentimental and the sensitive. Sensitivity, however, is not to be understood as a counter-movement, but rather as a complement to enlightenment ideas. The sensibility can be dated to the years 1740 to 1790, whereby it must be borne in mind that no flow begins in one day and ends at another. In France and England there are sensitive tendencies from 1700 onwards.