Trema is a horizontal colon above a letter, as in French Noël. In principle, the points can be regarded as trema (Ä, Ö, Ü) by means of the German vowel letter, whereby they represent a changed pronunciation of the unmarked letter. The Trema is a diacritic sign. The diacritics are signs which are attached to letters and refer to a different emphasis or pronunciation.
Month: September 2017
Trecento
The 14th century in Italy is described as Trecento in art and literature. What is meant by the term, above all, the Protorenaissance, ie the first tendencies in architecture as well as in painting, imitated the ancient models. These tendencies can be demonstrated mainly in architecture, with the conceptual design and the marble cladding of buildings clearly mimicking ancient models, but this became the central design theme only several centuries later, that is, in the Renaissance. Other centuries related to the Italian Renaissance are called by art historians Duecento, Trecento, Quattrocento, Cinquecento and Seicento.
Treatise
A treatise on an arbitrary topic, which usually has an educational character, is called a treatise. As a rule, the treatise deals with spiritual, cultural, social and political, moral, scientific or even philosophical questions. In contrast to the essay with which the type of text is related, the purpose is in the foreground and not the aesthetic claim. Tracts are therefore prose. Once the treatise also meant flight and dispositions, today the term pamphlet is more common, also state treaties were designated as tracts.
Totum per parte
The Totum per parte is a rhetorical stylistic device and a special form of the Synekdoche as well as metonymy and belongs to the group of the tropics. As a totum per parte, we call a concept that is named after the whole, although it is actually only a part of it. The stylistic counterpart is the Pars pro toto, with a part for the whole.
Thesis
A thesis is a claim. The thesis is drawn up to initiate an argument and is regarded as the starting point of such an argument. It is thus the basis of a scientific work and must be proved by valid means. In dialectical argumentation, the logical counterpart of the thesis is antithesis.
Text analysis
The text analysis is one of the most important types of essay in the school or university and for a further processing of each text type. After all, the majority of German lessons consist of understanding, analyzing and interpreting various types of texts. Text analysis is about capturing the details of a text and its relationships with each other.
Tetralogy (four-part)
As tetralogy, also four-part, is called an artistic work, which consists of four parts. As a rule, this is a literary, cinematic or musical work, although the term is also applied to other fields. It is essential for such a quadrant that the parts of the four-part parts of the quadripartite are, however, mostly independent. This means that the action of the individual works of a tetralogy is usually completed in itself and is comprehensible without the knowledge of other parts (see Mehrteiler). Such four-part works are often films or extensive prose works, such as novel series.
Trio
A three-verse verse is described as a trio, also a three-string version. Characteristic is the trio, especially for the baroque sonnet, which consists of two quartets and two terzets. In the sonnet the terzets often follow the rhyme schema cdc / dcd, cde / cde and ccd / eed, whereas a three-line poem can have all the rhyme schemata, aba, rarer abb or aab. Nevertheless, there are no stipulated specifications. In music, the term means a composition for precisely three concurrent singing voices.
Telegraphese
A telegram style is a form of expression characterized by enormous brevity. The telegram style is determined by an almost concise concentration on the essentials. As a result, the insignificant filling words of a message are often omitted, often with articles, possessive and personal pronouns or auxiliary verbs as well as prepositions. It is typical of the dramas of the storm and the urge, as well as of expressionism and a form of brachylogy.
Teichoscopy
As pondoscopy, also called Mauerschau, is called a technical stylistic means in the drama. Pondoscopy means the fact that a happening that can not be shown on the stage is nevertheless conveyed. The trick here is that the happening is moved behind a wall (obstacle) that the viewer does not overcome. Some figures can see and report it.
Tautology
Als Tautologie wird ein rhetorisches Stilmittel bezeichnet, welches in Texten aller Art und literarischen Gattung auftauchen kann. Die Tautologie beschreibt entweder den Umstand, dass dasselbe mit einem anderen Ausdruck erneut gesagt wird oder aber, dass derselbe Sachverhalt mit gleichen Wörtern der gleichen Wortart wiederholt wird. Verwandt sind demzufolge Pleonasmus sowie Hendiadyoin.
Tautogram
The tautogram is a text whose words begin with the same initial letter. This makes the tautogram very memorable and is often used in advertising or in print media. Historically, however, the tautogram is a form of the poem. The tautogram is a special form of the alliteration (→ examples of the alliteration)
Constructio ad sensum
Constructio ad sensum, also Constructio kata synesin or synesis and synesis, is a grammatical conspicuousness that can also be used as stylistic means. The point is that sentences that are syntactically related to one another do not coincide in number, sometimes also in genus. Often, the stylistic figure is found when the speaker uses a singular term, which thus stands in the singular, and constructs the further proposition in the sense of the plural. However, this is also possible in reverse. In addition, the Constructio ad sensum can also occur through the superposition of the grammatical gender by the natural.
Synecdoche
The Synekdoche is a stylistic medium that encounters us in texts of all kinds and literary genre and belongs to the group of the tropics. The Synekdoche replaces one term with another one, which originates from the same field of meaning and is thus a part of the word itself, or an upper concept for this. Consequently, the meaning may be broad or narrow.
Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a rhetorical stylistic device and also a special feature of the perception of sensory stimuli. A stylistic figure is the circumstance that several senses are mixed together. Thus, sounds can taste or colors smell. Typical is the stylistic means for the romantic, but emerges in all epochs and genera.
Symploce
As Symploke, also Complexio, is a rhetorical stylistic device, which is used mainly in lyric poetry. The Symploke describes the simultaneous occurrence of Epiph and Anapher. This means that one word is repeated at the beginning, another at the end of several successive sentences or verses. In many examples, this is a sequence of questions that start with the same question pronoun and receive the same answer.
Symbol
The symbol is generally the simplified and deputy representation of a fact or an object, whereby this representation does not have to provide a clear conclusion on what is meant. This means that symbols are mostly pictorial, effective signs that stand for a thing or a state of affairs, and there is sometimes no obvious connection between symbol and meaning. In this case, the meaning of a symbol must be known in order to understand it (example: Blue Flower of Romanticism). Frequently, however, the symbol also illustrates the essence of an abstract concept (example: cross for Christianity). Symbols are, as a rule, very concrete objects, which stand for a general and abstract meaning. The symbol is a stylistic device and can be found in all genres of literature. Very similar stylistic figures are metaphors and allegories.
Syllaba anceps
Der Begriff Syllaba anceps stammt aus der Metrik. Die Syllaba anceps ist eine Silbe im Versmaß, deren Betonung in einem Vers unterschiedlich ausfallen kann. So kann das jeweilige Versmaß für die entsprechende Stelle entweder eine betonte oder unbetonte Silbe respektive in der quantitierenden Metrik eine Länge oder Kürze vorsehen (→ Hexameter).
Superlative
There are three forms of the adjective in German: the positive (basic form), the comparative (1st increment) and the superlative (2nd increment). The superlative is the highest form of the word. The comparative compares two things (X is greater than Y), the superlative compares a thing with several things, or the whole, and forms the highest level (Z is greatest).
Subject
The subject is the object, the motif or the theme of an (artistic) representation, such as a play or a film. The subject is, therefore, the somewhat fuzzy description of the basic idea, the scheme of action, the plot, or the material of the work. Moreover, the term can be used as a synonym for the actual material of stories or lectures. In linguistics, the subject (sjužet) denotes a particular level of narrative, with the fable (Fabula) forming a similar pair as discours and histoire.
Nomen
As nouns, also nouns and main words, things, facts and creatures are designated. Basically my nouns, however, any words that have an actual thing to the content. They are divided into concrete and abstracted nouns. Specifically, all who actually think of an object (house, table, dog), while abstract abstracts describe something thought (courage, joy, love). Nouns are usually accompanied by an article and must be declined.
Storm and stress
As storm and urge (also genius, genius period) is a literature epoch, which can be dated from 1765 to 1790. The Sturm und Drang was mainly supported by young writers who created the literary work. The concept goes back to the Kömödie Sturm und Drang by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger.
Strophe
A stanza is the arrangement of a certain number of verses to a self-contained form. The stanza is subordinated to a higher metric unit, such as the poem or the song. This means that a lyric text consists of verses composed of verses.
Story
In general, an essay, a short story, a narrative, and the action of an artistic work, such as a play or a movie, are referred to as a story. In linguistics, the story designates a level of narrative, with its counterpart being the plot. These terms refer to the English narrative theorist E.M. Forster, and are closely connected with the contrasting discours and histoire as well as the subject and the fable (fabula).
Stilpluralismus
As stylisticism, the simultaneous existence of different styles in the history of art, in particular in architecture, art, literature and painting, is described. Several styles are valid at the same time. The term mostly refers to architecture, fashion, or painting, but can also be applied to other areas of artistic representation. For the literature, for example, the period of the restoration, which was the period between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the March Revolution (1848), would be characteristic. The currents of the Biedermeier as well as Vormarz existed during these years, and the movement of the young Germany was also present. Even more clearly is such a stylisticism in Fin de Siècle, a cultural movement of the turn of the century (19th / 20th century). Symbolism, Art Nouveau, Impressionism, Aestheticism and similar avangardist currents existed simultaneously (cf. Literaturepochen).
Stylistic device
The language knows many rhetorical stylistic means, which we can use to translate words into linguistic structures. However, it is sometimes quite difficult to determine the right stylistic means in a poem analysis or homework, and to use the variety of rhetorical means correctly.
Stichomythia
The rapid and line-by-line interrelation between several figures in a dialog is called Stichomythie, also line speech. This means that the various speakers in the drama speak, with only one verse being omitted from each speaker, and they are alternating rapidly. Stichomythie is fast-paced and serves a strong counter-narrative. Thus it can be regarded as a stylistic device.
Stellungnahme
The opinion is a text-point that we encounter in the German language of the advanced level. Anyone who takes a position tries to make his or her position clear on a position or a situation and to justify these other persons (often outsiders) comprehensibly, convincingly and plausibly. The opinion may be formulated in the form of the reader’s letter, comment, complaint or request, as well as a proposal.
Characteristics
The profile is a means to publicly search for criminals and call them to arrest them. In addition, the profile in the school provides us with an overview of the most important data, characteristics and characteristics of a person, subject or subject, and gives the reader a summary of the essentials.
Byline
As Byline (Russian Bylina), also Starine, is called an epic heroic part of the Russian folk poetry. It usually comprises several hundred rhythmic lines, which were often rhymed and characterized by a central cascade. The Bylines are dealing with historical or legendary subjects of Russian history, some of which also contain mythological elements (see Mythos). Such bylines have their origins in the Middle Ages, although many new creations can still be found in the 16th century. They were traditionally performed in the chant, and were rarely accompanied by music. The Byline was spread by rushing gamblers (Skomorochi), handed down orally, and continued mainly in the Volksmund.
Punch
The term stanza was originally used synonymously to the concept of the strophe, but then meant exclusively the Okatve, also Ottaverime, an Italian stanza form. This Italian stanza consists of eight Iambian lines, all of which are made of eleven silver, the so-called Endecasillabi, with a female cadence. Most of the time the punch follows the rhyme scheme / cc, although forms with aabccbdd are common as well as other types of games are conceivable. The German form of the punch is usually based on the five-legged jubilee, the last rhyme pair, often a break in content, as in the sonnet, or as a synthesis the crowning conclusion.
Alliteration
The Stabreim is a rhyme style and the German-language equivalent of the alliteration. However, the term is used primarily in connection with Germanic poetry. In the barrep, there is an equal number of adjacent sounding syllables. This means that words that stand side by side start with an equal sound. Words when they start with the same consonants or any vowel of the same quantity.
Spondee
Furthermore, in German there are individual words, often referred to as spondeus. These are, among others, Sturmnacht, Bluttat, Vollmond. But in these examples, too, we emphasize a syllable, usually the first, stronger than the other. Thus they can be spoken as spondeus, but they are only exemplary, since they correspond most closely to the ancient verse.
Spitten
As a spit is a technique in the rap (rhythmic, fast speaking), with which certain rhymes are used. Here, words or word sequences are rhymed with one another, which are (almost) identical, whereby they partly have the same character material (see Zwillingsreim), but do not mean the same thing. The effect is achieved either by the fact that the respective rhyming word has different meanings in the same spelling (see Identical rhyme), or the rhymes are separated at different points and thus new words arise. If, for example, the word sequence Alter Buimer is separated differently, it becomes Old Reimer. The noun spit as well as the verb to spit are also used mainly in the English-speaking world, but also as a term for the rap song itself.
Voltage curve
The tension curve, sometimes referred to as the stress curve, is the representation of the rise and fall of tension in a literary text. The term “construction of tension” is often referred to in a dramatic work. In the latter, the figures are presented (exposition), then the tension rises in the excitatory moment, reaches its climax and falls on it (peripetia), then to be retarded (retarding moment) and ultimately in a catastrophe. In the classical drama the individual acts are each occupied by one of the five elements presented (cf. Katharsis).
Sottie
As Sottie, also Sotie, are the fool games in French theater of the 15th and 16th century and thus a play genre. Later on, these poses developed the poses, which are related to the swaying; the farce and the German fasting game. The fools in Sottien entertained by wit, which is interrupted by force tests, artifices, and jumps.
Sonnet
Sonnet is a poem form. The Sonnet is a fourteen-line poem consisting of two four-line and two three-line verses. The quartets are called quartets and the three-string terzets. The sonnet is characterized by the use of alternating (alternating uplifting and lowering) gauges, usually using the jambus. The rhyme scheme varies. An embracing rhyme is typical of the quartet, whereas the third note usually follows the pattern cdc / dcd, cde / cde and ccd / eed. There are, however, innumerable varieties of the sonnet (cf. Literaturepochen).
Skit
As a skit is called an interlude (intermezzo) in the music. In most cases, the skit is a piece of music that is either in the middle of the songs of an album or even interrupts it. Skits are mainly used in hip-hop, rap or R’n’B and dub, but can also be found on mixtapes. Such skits serve the self-representation of the artist, can supplement songs thematically, follow on an album usually a style and often end with a point.
Singularetantum
The Singularetantum, also singular word, is a noun, which occurs only in the singular, thus in the singular. The counterpart is the pluraletantum. This means a concept that exists exclusively in the plural, that is, in the plural. The plural of singularetantum is singulariatantum or singularyantum. Examples of such singularity are, for example, fruit, meat or even noise. Examples of the pluraletantum are, for example, the annals or the memoirs.
Singular
ngular number and thus the circumstance that an object occurs only once. In German, a distinction is made between singular (singular) and plural (plural). The singular is the more frequent number in the language usage (example for the number: singular: a dog, plural: the dogs).
Silberne Latinität
Silver Latin is an epoch of Latin literature which is directly connected with the Golden Latin. The Silver Latin is dated approximately 17 AD to AD 117, with the end point being linked to the death of the first Roman Emperor Trajan. If the previous epoch was described as golden, it means that Latin literature had its linguistic climax, which was expressed in prose, epic, lyric, and numerous elegies. The following epoch, now oriented to the products of the Golden Latin – no longer to the classical Greek models – which is why their content is sometimes described as coarser and the linguistic and stylistic level as lower.
Heptalogy
Heptalogy, also a seven-part work, is an artistic work consisting of seven parts. The term is usually applied to literary products – mostly prose texts – or films. In principle, however, such a heptalogy may be applied to any literary, cinematic, musical work consisting of seven parts, or generally to all kinds of sieves. What is important is that the individual works of heptalogy are mostly self-sufficient, which means that their action appears to be complete and thus works alone. Furthermore, cliffhangers, which would severely interrupt the action, are rare.
Sidekick
Sidekick is a secondary role in film, art and literature, which mostly accompanies the main character of the narrative, ie the protagonist. The task of the sidekick is to learn the essential thoughts of the protagonist from him, whereby the thoughts of the main character can be transmitted indirectly to the receiver (reader, viewer, listener), without an omniscient narrator or the self-presentation through the inner monologue needs.
Sequel
Sequel is the continuation of an artistic work. This means that the term can be applied both to films, to literary and dramatic works, and also to the use of theatrical works and musical products which continue the original history of the original work. It is important for the sequel that it was not yet planned at the time of the publication of the previous work, but is always the continuation of a history which has been concluded so far. Consequently, sequels are primarily used to maximize profits when a film or a novel is particularly successful. In most cases, the same characters occur, and the action continues seamlessly. However, the action also takes decades later and refers only loosely to the previous one. The counterpart of the sequel is the prequel. The prequel is also a continuation, but the story does not continue, but shows contents that lie before the narrated (prehistory).
Hexalogy (Six-Part)
Hexalogy is a multi-part artistic work consisting of six parts. Hexalogy means a musical, cinematic, literary or dramatic play, the term sometimes also being used in other areas, and thus applied to other six-part series. It is essential for a work of this kind that the individual parts, although in substance, belong together but appear as a rule independent. This means that the action of the respective parts is self-contained and thus also works alone. In addition, cliffhangers, who would interrupt the action abruptly, are rare. Usually, the term is referred to the literature – mostly prose works – or the film.
Tail-rime
The Schweifreim is one of the rhymes, which we meet very early in the teaching of German, and is, besides the pair rhyme and cross-rhyme, one of the best known representatives of his guild. The tail rhyme is always composed of six verses.
Farce
The Schwank is a derbcomic stage, which resembles the Posse. Schwänke are often popular stories or plays, which tell of a comic situation from the national life. In swans usually two figures meet, one of the others being actual or even seemingly superior. Such pairings arise, for example, between a clever student and a simple peasant or master and a servant. The joke is usually written in prose.
Schmonzette
Schmonzette refers to films or literary writings, which are not very clever, in part silly, inferior, and mostly kitschy. Consequently, the term is a derogatory term for works of art that are dramatically worthless and mostly dishonest. Often, however, the term is also used synonymously for a kitschy work, and then means writings and films, which are sentimental and dishonorable, as well as appearing in a spurious way. In this case, the term “Schmonzette” can also be regarded as a subterfuge for strong kitsch.
Pamphlet
The pamphlet, also libel, pamphlet, and pamphlet, is a written treatise that criticizes grievances, attacks people and institutions, or even demands the implementation of specific demands. The pamphlet often has a polemical, attacking character and is often characterized by a passionate style. In this case the objectivity of the argumentation and the rhetorical design of the slogans suffer in many instances. The primary goal of the pamphlet is thus the denunciation or the targeted reduction of a person or thing.
Spoonerism
The shake rhyme is a rhyme type as well as a special form of the double rhyme. The shake rhyme is a rhyme play with the word meanings. The initial consonants of two or more rhyming syllables or words of a rhyme pair are put together in a new sense, which usually results in a humorous or even surprising two-line.