Antonomasia is a linguistic means, which is a special form of Synekdoche and belongs to the tropics. Antonomasy either means (1) the transcription of a self-name, using properties or characteristic adjectives to describe this proper name, or (2) the designation of a genus or group by naming a particular known representative of the genus or group.
Month: September 2017
Dystopia
Dystopia, also called anti-utopia and matopia, is the counterpart of positive utopia (cf. eutopia). Dystopia is a narrative which shows a negative distortion of future humanity. This future is characterized by a society that has developed into a negative one. Frequent themes are the enslavement of mankind and, in general, the circumcision of all freedoms, which is often caused by an over-powerful technique, which was designed by man himself, but can no longer be dealt with in the future. In addition, dystopia often shows the totalitarian state and its power, with only small groups enjoying privileges and lower and middle class living standards below the level of contemporary societies. There is often a protagonist in these dystopias, who inquires about these social conditions and feels that something is in the arrogance, in which case he rebels against the system or the rulers.
Antithesis
The antithesis is a stylistic device of rhetoric and can be found in texts of all kinds. A thesis is a claim, whereby Anti can be translated with “against”. Antithesis is, therefore, a counter-assertion or a compilation of opposing concepts. Thus the antithesis is related to the oxymoron and the chiasm.
Antilabe
A rhetorical stylistic means, which is mainly used in the drama but is also found in lyric poetry, is described as an antilabe. The Antilabe describes the fact that a single verse, which is metric or in content, belongs to two or more figures. These fragments are usually not independent sentences, but word sequences.
Antiklimax
The Antiklimax is managed in many specialist books as an independent stylistic device. In principle, however, it is only the reversal of climax. In this case a step is gradually increased, the increase usually taking place in three parts. The anticlimax is therefore a gradual reduction of what has been said and can amplify a statement.
Antagonist
The opponents of the protagonist, that is, the hero of a text, are described as antagonists in the literature. The antagonist has the task as well as the function to put the main figure in the way, to thwart their plans and plans or to add their damage. Antagonists themselves do not have to be figures, but can be landscapes or systems, but also represent quite abstract principles, which must be overcome by the hero.
Annotation
An annotation is generally referred to as an annotation. In particular, there are comments attached to a (literary) text, which are not essential to the main text or key word, but which nevertheless appear to be relevant to the latter by adding additional information. Such annotations are usually added as a footnote and are thus an addition to a section or word at the bottom of the page. They are also partly enclosed in the form of the gloss. They may include information, excerpts, word translations and the like. In books and libraries, the term means a concise description or characterization of a text that serves as a guide for the user. In linguistics, an annotation means describing a syntactic structure, in which annotations are used in programming languages to add additional information to the source text which is ignored by the processing software but simplify the understanding of the program for the programmer.
Annals
Annals are records which represent historical events in chronological order. Such annals are regarded as an early form of historiography and are already documented in the Orient as well as in the West, and can also be found in Roman antiquity. In ancient Rome, the Pontifex maximus – the highest priest – (Epidemics, omens, lunar and solar eclipses, etc.) every year on white tablets, which can be regarded as the first forerunner of the annalistic genre. Such annals serve as an important source for classifying historical events. However, very often the truth and myth are blurred in the presentation, so that such texts should always be compared with other sources. Nowadays, however, the term is also used for many historical works, annual reports and as titles of (non-historical) journals.
Anglicism
As anglicism is meant a speech or word formation which has been taken from English into another language and – with regard to German – is not perceived as German, such as online, container, laptop or team. Anglicisms can be accepted by the linguistic community, and then incorporated into the language-usage, which in the beginning are mostly regarded as neologisms (cf. Neologism). However, anglicisms can not be accepted by the general public and are then used mainly in certain language groups (see jargon, technical jargon) and are often perceived by other speakers as Denglisch. If Anglicism is characterized by British English, it is also referred to as Britishism; is taken from the American, one speaks of Americanisms. In the literature, anglicisms are also used as an ironic stylistic tool.
Anecdote
An anecdote is a short narrative. The basis of the anecdote is a remarkable or characteristic event, usually from the life of a (known) personality. Here anecdotes characterize the respective personality sharply, since they show exemplary essential characteristics of the person. Another characteristic feature is the pointed end.
Anastrophe
An anastrophy is a rhetorical stylistic means, which means a reversal of the common syntactic word. Often, the disaster is used to keep a certain rhythm or sound (see Metrum) or to create a rhyme. The concept is thus understood to mean a figure in which, in deviation from the otherwise usual grammatical word setting, two related words are converted. Hysterone proterone and hyperbaton are related.
Anapodoton
The anapodoton, also ananpodoton, is a rhetorical stylistic device, but can also be considered as a style defect. The anapodoton is a special case of the anacoluth describing a sentence break. The style figure describes the circumstance that only the first part in a sentence is obtained with a corresponding conjunction (though – both, both – and – neither – etc.).
Anaphora
The anaphor is a rhetorical figure of the word repetitions, as well as the anadiploses or the epiphes, and is used as a stylistic means to structure texts and to rhythmize them. The word “anaphor” can be derived from the Greek and means roughly backward or backward (gr. Ἀναφορά (anaphorá))
Anapest
An anesthetic is called an anastomia. In the quantifying metric, the anapost is formed by means of two short and one long syllable (υυ-). In German, however, there is an accentuating metric. This means that syllables are dimensioned not because of their length and shortness, but because of their emphasis. Here, the anapost is composed of two unstressed and a concise syllable. Alternatively, we can also speak of two sinks and a lift (→ offset).
Ananym
Ananym is a special form of the pseudonym, in which the letters of a name are rearranged. The ananym is a special form of the anagram and can be formed by (1) arbitrarily rearranging all the letters of a name, thus forming a new name or (2) sorting in exactly the reverse order. If the ananym is read backwards, it returns the original name.
Analogizing argument
Whoever makes a thesis (assertion) must prove it with arguments. The more strongly an argument is, in this case we speak of the quality of the argument, the better can be the asserted assertion. We distinguish between different types of arguments, including the analogizing argument, which equates different areas.
Anakoluth
Anakoluth is a stylistic medium that can appear in texts of all literary genres. Anakoluth describes the breaking of a sentence or the interruption of a word sequence. In addition, the stylistic figure can mean that a sentence started is altered and grammatically misdirected. The anacoluth is thus, in any case, a syntactic disturbance, that is, a disturbance of the usual combination of words. Anapodoton and Aposiopese are related
Anagram
The anagram, also letter return, letter change, or shake word, is a word or a word sequence, which is formed from the letters of another word or another word sequence. It is important that all letters of the original word are used in the later anagram. Thus the noun flour would be an anagram of clay, as it is composed of the same letters. Ambigram and palindrome are similar. Ambigrams are words and symbols which, in the usual representation, look the same as after rotation by 180 °, with palindromes being sequences which are identical forwards and backwards (for example, Otto, pensioner, storage rack, etc.).
Anagnorisis
An anarchism is a dramatic element of action. The Anagnorisis describes the recognition of two persons in the dramatic work. The concept goes back to the poetics of Aristotle. This anagnorisis has preceded the mistake of Hamartia, while the protagonist does not recognize the true nature of opponents, states, or himself. The anagnorisis is, therefore, the recognition or the examination of the true situation.
Anadiplose
The anadiplosis is a stylistic figure from the range of word repetitions, such as the anaphores or epiphyses, and is a special form of the epanalysis. The word “anadiplose” can be derived from the Greek and means repetition or doubling (gr. Ἀναδίπλωσις ~ anadíplōsis).
Anachronismus
Als Anachronismus wird das falsche zeitliche Einordnen von Ereignissen, Personen und Dingen oder Vorstellungen bezeichnet. Der Anachronismus ist somit ein Verstoß gegen die Zeitrechnung, bei dem beispielsweise Dinge einer späteren Zeit mit denen einer früheren vermengt werden, was natürlich auch andersherum möglich ist. Anachronismen können für die mangelhafte Kenntnis einer Zeit sprechen oder bewusst als Stilmittel eingesetzt werden, wie es der Nonsens häufig praktiziert.
Ambigramm
The term “ambigram” refers to words or phrases which, in the usual representation, look the same as after rotation by 180 °. This means that the respective lettering looks completely identical when it is turned upside down. In addition, symbols that look identical from two different perspectives are called an ambigram. Not to be confused is the whole with the palindrome and the anagram. Anagrams are words that are formed from the letters of another word, with palindromes being words or phrases that are read backwards and forwards (for example, Otto, pensioner, storage rack, an ass never read, etc.).
Alter Ego
Different things are called alter ego. On the one hand, the concept can describe a very intense relationship between two people when one person has become an identification figure and thus becomes a part of one’s own identity. On the other hand, in some countries people who have great power (for example, they can decide life and death) are referred to as alter ego. In the literature, the term means either the language pipe of an author in the literary text or the second ego of a figure (Doppelgänger, Spiegelbild, Schatten etc.).
Allusion
The allusion is a rhetorical stylistic device which can appear in all literary genres. The term “allusion” refers to the use of expressions which indirectly, ie circumspectly and implicitly, refer to a particular person or a certain factual situation. The style-figure is therefore a form of allusion, and is also related to the periphrase, which also denotes a circumscribed reference.
Allegoresis
Allegory is the disclosure of hidden text contents. This means that one tries to read between the lines of a text and to see even more in it than the actual word meaning. Allegory is typical of the interpretation of the Bible, since it is seldom understood verbatim, but as a parable, and thus as allegory.
Alexandrine
The Alexandrian is a verse originally derived from the French Renaissance era. In Germany, he was particularly popular in the 17th and 18th century (literaturepochen). The Alexandrian is a six-armed jamben line, which after the third uplift, ie the sixth syllable, has a caesura (incision, speech pause) and starts with an opening.
Acrostic
The acrostic is a text form based on the fact that the initial letters or the first words or syllables of successive verses or verses form a word, a sentence or a sense unit. In principle, the acrostic can appear in texts of every literary genre, but we encounter it mainly in lyric or songs. Sometimes, however, the acrostic can also be used and understood as a rhetorical stylistic device.
Accumulation
Accumulation is a stylistic device of rhetoric and can be found in texts of all kinds and literary genre. Accumulation describes the classification of several terms into a not-named or named term, whereby this is detailed and amplified. Often we can find the accumulation in the lyric of the Baroque (→ Literaturepochen).
Agnese
As an agnese, partly also an agnese role, the role of a naive, gullible, often peasant (country) girl is described in the literature as well as in the theater. The term is derived from the five-act comedy The School of Women (1663, original title: L’école des femmes) by the French poet, not even the Latin noun Agnus, which means sheep Molière. The Agnese role also finds a counterpart in August of Kotzebue’s drama The Indians in England (1790): here the role of the Gurli is similar. From this, the term Gurli-Role later derived, which is related to the agnese. Both terms mean a gullible girl.
Adynaton
Adynaton is a rhetorical stylistic device, which can be found in texts of every literary genre. The Adynaton is a statement which refers to the impossibility of a state of affairs in order to show that something will not happen under any circumstances. The adynaton has a reinforcing effect and is related to the hyperbola.
Aemulatio
Aemulatio is a form of literary emulation and imitation in art and literature, whereby the aim is often to surpass the respective model. Aemulatio means emulation in the good and evil sense. The goal may be to achieve or surpass the model, whereby all forms can be interpreted as a direct or indirect contest. As a rule, however, it is about the demonstration of superiority. Aemulatio is, therefore, a form of the imitatio veterum, which can basically be translated as the imitation of the older, ie, the imitation of a former poet (cf.
Ad spectatores
In the drama, the spectator’s salutation is designated as a spectator. This remark, which is directed directly at the audience, comes from an open scene, that is, not in the nudes, but directly from the action. In this way, the illusion that the theater creates is broken and certainly abolished. The purpose of an utterance ad spectatores is usually to achieve a funny point, as the viewer is surprised, but sometimes this technique is regarded as a mistake, although it has been documented since antiquity. In addition, it is an accomplice with the audience. In most cases, no reply is expected to this statement, which distinguishes it from the dialogue. Apostrophes as well as Captatio benevolentiae are used.
Addendum
An addendum, appendix, appendix and appendix, shall be accompanied by a supplement, supple- mentary and the addendum to a document. The addendum therefore always means something which is lacking, something that is to be supplemented or appended, which has been attached to the actual letter. Such addenda may appear in prose as an introduction, prologue or epilogue, and in the scientific literature in the form of glossaries, endnotes, registers, pictures, as well as tables, maps, tables, and the like.
Ad sources
The Latin saying Ad fontes is an essential motto of humanism – the intellectual current of the Renaissance – and can be translated as “To the sources”. Renaissance humanism, whose origins lie in Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, supported a comprehensive reform of education. This meant that the highest goal should be to form the human being, which should lead the mental abilities of the individual to full relief. The maintenance of the linguistic expression was important, which meant that a central role was played by the use of language, the correct expression – both oral and written – in Latin. Ad Fontes’ guiding principle is that in studying, one should rely on the original texts and sources of Greek as well as Roman poets and philosophers to be able to grasp the background of theories, world pictures and literary works. The motto was shaped in 1511 by the humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam.
Stray
Smaller poems in Greek anthologies, the author of which was not known. Furthermore, slaves adespota, liberated in antiquity, were called adespota, as well as all movable or even immovable property in the state, which do not belong to any individual. With respect to the literature, some thematic collections are published whose originators are all unknown. A well-known example is the work Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta by August Nauck, which, in addition to the works of poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, contains many fragments of Greek tragedies whose author is unknown or has not yet been published.
Adebar
The stork is known as Adebar in the fable or in fairy tales and legends. The designation is therefore a fabeltier. In this case, quite concrete human characteristics are attributed adequately, while he is regarded as haughty, but also taught. In addition, the stork is considered to be the bearer of the newborn, which is why it is often represented with a bundle in the beak, and there is the possibility that a stork sitting on the roof of a house announces the birth of a child. As far as the literature is concerned, it is essential that the qualities attributed to Adebar do not change in the course of such a narrative: Master Adebar does not develop as a result, which is why it is always foreseeable for the reader and the listener how, History.
Free Acte
Acte gratuit is a sudden, senseless, impulsive and spontaneous act. No reason is given for such an action, and it has no purpose. Often the act is criminal and violent criminal, although this is not always the case. In French literature, such an acte gratuit can often be interpreted as a sign of symbolic rebellion against determinism. The term determinism is that events – both past and future – are already defined and not influenced by preconditions. The acte gratuit follows a spontaneous inspiration.
Absolutism
Absolutism, also absolute monarchy, is a form of domination in monarchies. The monarchy means a form of government in which an aristocrat is the head of the state and thus occupies the head of the hierarchy of hierarchies within the state and represents the state externally and internally. This office is held by the nobility during his lifetime, or until his abdication, either by birth or election. There are various forms of the monarchy which determine the powers of the head of state: in a parliamentary monarchy the power is very small, since the essential state transactions are conducted by the parliament; in a constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by a constitution; in an absolute monarchy, all the affairs of the state are guided by the noble, which is why his power can be described as complete, and not limited by any statutory or democratic institutions. In absolutism, therefore, a single person is the bearer of the state power, whose power is not controlled by any other person. Between the end of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) and the French Revolution (1789), absolutism was the most common form of rule in Europe.
From ovo
Ab ovo is a Latin word and can be translated from the egg. The term means a narrative technique in which the reader or spectator is told the prehistory of the actual action and is introduced into the happenings by atmospheric descriptions. The narrative counterpart is a telling in medias res. Here the narrator rises directly into the process, whereby the prehistory is told during the advancing action.
Treatise
Treatise
A written, often scientific, presentation of any subject, object or fact is described as a treatise. Since the treatise pursues a scientific claim, it is a form of scientific writing. Consequently, it is the result of an independent scientific achievement and serves the presentation. At universities such a performance must usually be provided at the end of the studies. As essays, essay, discussion, commentary, monograph, treatise, essay and dissertation can be considered, since these at least make a scientific claim, although this is not always fulfilled.
Term
In addition, the term “baroque” in the opera also called “act” – also “elevator” – in a dramatic work and thus meant a main section of the plot. Nowadays, however, the term is mainly used to describe the theoretical and mostly scientific presentation and treatment of problems.
In this case, a thesis is generally formulated, which must be secured by evidence during the course of the treatise and which is subsequently defended in some circumstances.
Characteristics
Brief overview: The essential features at a glance
The texts, which can be collected under the term treatise, can be assigned to the Sachs texts. This means that they try to inform about a situation, to present it in an informative manner, and to provide it with facts.
Frequently, an attempt is made here to remove the object which is being examined from the system to which it subordinates itself. The respective object is consequently examined separately, in order to derive results for the whole from it.
The aim of the paper is, therefore, to elucidate and investigate a problem or circumstance in all directions, in order subsequently to substantiate the results of this investigation by means of logical evidence.
According to this, many texts of this kind begin with a assertion (thesis) or presumption, the correctness of which is subsequently investigated. Since the treatise is also the presentation of ideas, it usually deals with abstract terms and is thus theoretical.
In general, the term is not used exclusively with regard to science. Here he can be used for written presentations as well as presentations of all kinds or generally a longer essay on any subject.
Note: According to Duden, the following terms can be used synonymously, whereby it is apparent that the scientific is not always in the foreground: work, article, essay, execution, treatment, treatment, contribution, report, description, review, book, presentation, representation , Discussion, discussion, narrative, essay, research report, lecture, publication, speech, report, reportage, description, writing, study, text, title, investigation , Traktat, Elukubration, Exposé