A German literature of literature, which begins immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945 and can be imitated until the beginning of the 1950s, is being described as rubble literature, also homecoming literacy and literature of the hour zero, whereby it is replaced by more demanding forms. The representatives of the rubble literature had mostly returned home from the war and tried to draw a realistic and true picture of the world of the post-war period. At the same time, the language – which in the Nazi regime was regarded as an ideologue carrier – should not be lyrically transfigured, but clearly show the reality. Authors of the rubble literature portray the experiences of the war, but also show how the present in the post-war Germany presents itself to them. The language of prose was often denigrated by the Nazi period, which led to the creation of numerous lyrical works. Popular genres are the short story, the sonnet and the satire, while the drama contained only a few pieces, which found a large audience. The literary epoch of debris literature forms the prelude to what later is called “postwar literature.” Postwar literature can be documented in 1967.
Month: September 2017
Hebungsprall
As an uplifting impact, also high-frequency hiatus, in the verse (metric) the direct, jointless collision of two lifts (pronounced syllables) is described. The lift impact is therefore normal for non-compensated deviations. Reduction-free means that the measure only dictates how many strokes a verse must have, but not how many reductions. He is regularly present in the Pentameter, and when a masculine verse is followed by a tactless verse.
Hauptsatz
The main sentence is a sentence which is grammatically complete and contains complete information. In most cases, the main sentence consists of the subject, the predicate, the object (see the sentence members). It is extremely easy to see the main sentence that the finite verb is almost always in the second place, and rarely in the first – namely, in the case of commands, yes / no questions, and when the subordinate sentence is in front of the main sentence. Since the main set is grammatically complete, it is not dependent on any set. This is different in the case of subsidiary clauses – secondary clauses are subordinated to the main clauses (see the sentence structure).
Haufenreim
The heap rhyme is a very catchy rhyme scheme based on a definite sequence of final rhymes. The hive rhyme is a rhyme scheme, which is the easiest way to recognize a pair of rhymes and cross rhymes in a poem. In rhombic rhymes the rhymes are the same within a verse, so the rhyme scheme follows the pattern aaaa (bbbb, cccc, etc.).
Hashtag
As a hashtag, a word or a word chain is designated, which is preceded by a diamond symbol, ie a double cross (#). A hashtag is used to communicate within social networks, such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc. Users of these networks can add words with the rhombus (eg #wordgroup), making them clickable for other users. Clicking on such a hashtag would then lead to an overview page, which then bundles all messages in chronological order, which were provided with ebendiesem hashtag by users. This form of indexing is carried out within a flow text, as in the sentence “My life is wonderful.” A click on the hashtag #Leben would lead to an overview page, which contains all messages that were provided with ebendiesem hashtag.
Happy End
A happy ending is the positive, usually also happy, conclusion of any event sequence. Usually, however, a good result in dramas, films and prose is described, which is typical for trivial literature. Comedies and films are usually used for the purpose of solving conflicts, in order to initiate an effective happy ending.
Hakenstil
One of the most striking features in a poem is the arrangement in verses. These lines can be interrupted at very different points. Hook style is a way to make this line break. In a stanza, the sentences and shots coincide, if one speaks of a line style, they do not do that, from a hook style.
Grimbart
Grimbart is the badger in the fable or in fairy tales and legends. As a result, a fabier, such as Isegrim for the wolf, masquerade for the hare, or Adebar for the stork, conceals itself behind the name. Grimbart is attributed to human character in the fable: he is thoughtful and calm. What is essential is that these characteristics do not change in the course of such a narrative: Grimbart does not develop, so it is foreseeable for the reader and listener how he will behave in principle.
Gretchenfrage
The question of Gretchen is a question which is asked directly and generally directly to the interviewee. The question of Gretchen always has a content, the price of which is unpleasant to the interviewee. Frequently, the question of gretchen is also associated with a naive questioner, which, however, does not necessarily have to be the case in today’s language usage. The term goes back to Goethe’s Faust and marks a conversation between Gretchen and Faust.
Goldene Latinität
Golden Latin is a period of Latin literature. Originally, the term was used to describe all the Latin writings that arose until the death of the poet Ovid (17 AD). Nowadays, this time is estimated to be between 81% Until 17 AD. If this epoch is described as golden, it is meant that Latin literature had its linguistic climax, which was expressed in prose, epic, lyric, and in many elegies, as well as in historiography. The following epoch, which is, in any case, the assumption, characterized by coarser content and a lower level of speech, is called Silver Latinity. Behind this assumption is a decadence (see Fin de Siècle).
Glossar
Glossary is a list of words, including explanations, further explanations, or translations. The glossary can be presented as an addendum, ie as a supplement to a work or as a separate document. Glossaries were already created in the Middle Ages as collections to explain difficult words (archaisms, neologisms, foreign words, etc.), but in some cases they were also used as a means of reading (eg as an addition to the Bible).
Glosse
The gloss is an opinion-forming and journalistic text and is similar in construction and style to the commentary. The glosses, as well as readers’ letters, film criticism, review, book discussion, diagnosis or the expert opinion as a judicial text type. This means that certain topics are evaluated and assessed. Often news is satirical.
Geschichtsklitterung
The falsification of history means deliberately falsifying representation and the interpretation of historical events. As a rule, the nouns of history are used pejoratively – that is, devaluation – for a representation that is one-sided, incomplete, and therefore falsified. Sometimes the term is also used if this misrepresentation is unintentional, even if most of the intent is presumed. This term goes back to a work by the early German-German writer Johann Fischart (1546 / 1547-1591). Fischart undertook an attempt to transfer François Rabelais’s romance cycle Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1564) into German and published the result under the title Affentheurlich Naupengeheurliche Geschichtsklitterung (1575). Since fish species hardly adapted to the model, and also expanded or extended numerous passages, part of the title subsequently became a term for a falsified portrayal of historical events.
Genus
Genus is the grammatical gender of a noun. However, the genus may differ from the biological gender of the nominee. The biological sex is called Sexus. In German there are three genera: masculine (male), feminine (female) and neuter (neuter). These are usually indicated with certain articles: the (masculine), the (feminine), the (neutral).
Genre
A genre is an expression or a classification in literature, film, music as well as art. For example, within the literature all texts can be assigned to one of the three genres (lyric, drama, epic). In order to classify and separate the individual works within these genres more precisely, they are divided into genres on the basis of individual characteristics and their artistic content. For example, the sonnet would be a genre of lyric poetry, and the novel would be a genre of epic, with the adventurous romance representing a subordinate genre of the novel. Such subspecies are referred to as subgenre. In terms of the film would be fantasy film, horror film, action film and thriller genres. The term is sometimes used very spongy, so the terms genre and (sub) genre are sometimes used synonymously.
Genitiv-S
In the formation of the genitive, a case of grammar, the suffix -s or -es is appended to nouns whose gender (gender) is male or neutral. These endings are called genitive-S. However, mistakes are often made in the correct formation. This is due in particular to the fact that in some cases it is regulated whether -s or -es is appended, but in certain words both spellings are possible. Below is an explanation.
Genitiv
A case of the German grammar is called a genitive, also a case or case. The case indicates the relationship between a noun and other elements of a sentence. The genitive is used to indicate membership, participation, or origin, and also stands for certain verbs and prepositions. The control question is Whose?
Familienroman
The family romance, also a generational romance or a family saga, is a novel genre, whose plot deals primarily with the fate of a family. The figure constellation is thus mainly characterized by the members of a family. The narrated time thus usually extends over several generations and thus usually covers several decades. Since the figurative ensemble is located within the family or in the vicinity of this family, similar conflicts always arise in family romans (eg inheritances, generation conflicts …).
Geminatio
The Geminatio is a stylistic device of rhetoric and a figure of the word repetition. As Geminatio we call the repetition of words in the immediate neighborhood. This means that a word or a word group is reused immediately, usually by a comma. Thus, the Geminatio of the Anadiploses, Epanalepse and Epizeuxis resembles.
Vox nihili
As Vox nihili, also ghost word or ghostword, is meant a word which has arisen only by accidental printing, writing or pronunciation errors of the copyist or editor. Accordingly, a Vox nihili does not arise deliberately, but because of an error and thus has no real meaning. What is important is that a ghostword can only be considered as such when it has appeared in a publication which leads to the actual dissemination of the word, such as dictionaries or scientific papers which are referenced and cited.
Gegenstandsbeschreibung
The description of the subject is one of the first exercises for the pupils in dealing with the language of the scriptures and often meets us in the German classes of elementary school.
Gegensatzpaar
As a pair of opposites, two words are designated, which mean the absolute opposite of each other. As an example, the adjectives can be cited cold and hot. If it is cold, it has a very low temperature, it is hot, it has an elevated temperature. In relation to the temperature, the words stand opposite each other and for this reason form a contrasting pair. Such words, which have the opposite meaning, are also called counter-words or antonyms.
Gedichtvergleich
In a comparison of poems it is a matter of comparing two or more lyric texts (poems) with one another. Thus the simple poem analysis gets an additional level and can give further impulses for the discussion. In principle, works are used which can be compared with one another in some way and have certain similarities.
Gedichtinterpretation
The interpretation of the poem is one of the essential contents of the German instruction in the upper level and is usually part of the poetic analysis that accompanies the poem interpretation.
Gedichtformen
In the literary genre of lyric poetry there are various poems, also poems, which have similar characteristics. Such poem forms are distinguished by the fact that there are certain guidelines for how such a poem has to be designed. For example, the length, that is, the number of lines and stanzas, as well as the measure or the rhyme scheme, can be fixed. Furthermore, there are collective names, which may include different types of poems, which then have the same thematic reference. The following is an overview.
Gedichtanalyse
We encounter the poem analysis for the first time at school, and often the first steps are not so simple and certainly present a challenge. After all, we have to examine not only a few formalities, but poem on elements such as stylistic means, rhyme schema and, of course, analyze the measure.
Gedankenlyrik
The form of lyric poetry, which in the first instance contains intellectual experiences, is called the thought-lyricism, also the idea of lyricism and philosophical lyricism. It is not the immediate experience (cf. Erlebnislyrik) or, as in the ballad, the narrative in the foreground, but philosophical, religious and generally intellectual-ideological content. The idea is not conveyed through a symbol, but rather as an inner experience. The lyrical ego therefore tries to attain clarity through thoughts or facts, to itself, or even to the external world. The different sides of the respective object are usually shown, and they are oscillated between intuition and reflection. At the same time, the idea of love is separated from the doctrinal and purposive poetry, but can be indirectly didactic or doctrinal through the depicted.
Gazette
Gazette is an old term for the newspaper. Nowadays, the term is used mostly ironically, partly also derogatory, and is therefore regarded as archaism. The one who wrote for a gazette was called a Gazetier. Nevertheless, there are also modern publications, usually daily newspapers bearing the noun in the title, such as The Gazette, a political culture magazine, or the Gazet van Antwerp, a Belgian daily newspaper.
Gassenhauer
As a Gassenhauer, a hit or evergreen, a very successful and in any case known song, is called colloquially. In part, the term is also used as a synonym for Schlager. Originally the Gassenhauer between the 16th and 18th century meant the song of the litter, and the wandering around and strollers. It is also possible that the Gassenhauer was derived from the Kontratanz. The contrat is a dance, according to the announcement, the sequences being danced in the rhythm of the music in lines, the so-called lanes, which were mostly sung or played, from which the later folk songs were derived. In Romanticism (cf. Literaturepochen), the term is often used derogatory, meaning primarily Schlager, which is characterized by constant primitive repetitions and often appears hackneyed, angry, dishonorable or even trivial, and thus opposes the popular song, which was perceived as noble , Later, however, the term was also used for particularly catchy pieces from operetta, opera, or singing, and already resembles today’s meaning of the term.
Galimathias
As Galimathias, also Gallimathias, is called confused, incomprehensible or even meaningless talk (cf. Kauderwelsch). The noun can nowadays be regarded as archaism, as it is already documented since the 16th century and is used, for example, in the satire Ménippée (1594) as jargon de galimatias, and is often found in (written) critiques. In addition, there were Nonsens-couplets, also known as Galimathias, in the Old Viennese Volksstheater. These were nonsensical singing inserts, which interrupted the action of antics as well as comedies, and which were performed with great success – for example, by actors such as Wenzel Scholz (1787-1857). However, the exact origin of the term is still unclear.
Pentalogie (Fünfteiler)
A pseudonym, also a five-part work, is an artistic work, which consists of five individual parts, which together belong together. Pentalogy is mostly a literary, musical or cinematic work, the term sometimes being transferred to other areas and then being able to designate any kind of artistic five-part. What is essential for the pentalogy is that their parts, although they are cohesive in content, but usually function independently. This means that the action of the individual works is mostly self-contained and thus comprehensible without the knowledge of other parts (see Mehrteiler). The term is often referred to the literature – often prose works – or the film.
Frontispiz
The frontispiece is an illustration, which is on the second side of a book, the book cover not being counted in the page count (pagination). The frontispiece is therefore on the left side. Thus, the frontispiece is opposite to the title page, that is, the third side, and is printed on the back of the carpet, which is the first page. There is a book cover next to the book. Nowadays, this frontispiece page is rarely printed, but in biographical writings such as memoirs and autobiographies, as well as art books, it sometimes still shows a portrait of the respective author, poet or artist. In scientific treatises or even works that are part of a series, such a frontispiece can also show details of the respective complete series. In some cases, however, the frontispiece also contains information on the content of a book (see content), on the author, and on his other publications (cf.
Fragment
The fragment is an unfinished work of art. Consequently, the concept may refer to an incomplete work of art, music, literature, or even quite similar expressions. In most cases, the term is referred to in the literature, and here it is a genre of its own. In the literature, the fragment means either an incomplete text or an incomplete work. The unfinished work can be consciously chosen by the author as a genre. This genus is typical of the epoch of romance. Romantic poetry was described by Friedrich Schlegel as a progressive universal poetry. Progressive means that something is advanced and is always expanded, that is, never completed. Romantic poetry was often incomplete and fragmentary. The feature is also found in novels of the time. In the widest sense, the fragment means a fragment, that is, a part of the larger whole, and can thus mean an unfinished work of art, sculptures, or fragmented documents.
Fokalisierung
Focalization is a concept from the theory of theories introduced by Gérard Genette in 1972. Focalization means the relationship between the knowledge of the figures of a narrative and its narrator. There are three possibilities: the zero-focalization, which means that a narrator knows more than the figures; the internal focalization, whereby the narrator says exactly what his characters know and the external focus, in which a narrator knows less than the figure knows.
Floskel
The phrase “Floskel” is the name of the adornment, the non-saying and the unnecessary phrases. In the rhetoric of antiquity, the term was understood to mean a concise, aptly formulated, authoritative, and applicable to many concrete cases, whereas nowadays meaningless and unnecessary words are designated as a phrase in a statement.
Florilegium
Florilegium is, on the one hand, the Latin translation of the Greek nomology anthology, which means a collection of selected texts or text extracts in book form, and on the other hand the name for a collection and compilation of individual incoherent verses, orations, bonmots, apophthegmata, biblical passages or quotations of well – known poets and authors. However, the Florilegium can also contain longer excerpts from prose works and consequently all forms of the excerpt, that is excerpts of texts. These collections were frequently collected by the respective excerptor for the instruction in schools (see Chrestomathy), were also used to decorate speeches or sermons, but unbelieved people can fool the reader with their readiness and literary knowledge.
Fließtext
The flow text, also running text, is a text that has been set in one piece and is thus not interspersed with interruptions (pictures, paragraphs, footnotes, tables, headings, etc.). A flow text is therefore a continuous, continuous text. For the literary genre of the epic, prosaic flow texts are characteristic, while the drama, but above all the lyric, are characterized by numerous interruptions (verses, hook style, stanzas, etc.).
Flattersatz
As a flat sentence, an anonymous sentence or an asymmetrical sentence, typography is a text whose lines either run out to the left, right or left and right, and the word spaces are always the same. One distinguishes between left-aligned and right-aligned flatter sets as well as the center axis set (text lines are centered here), whereby the free set must also be described as fluttering. The flatter set is especially characteristic of poems and, moreover, common in informal writing.
Finites Verb
As a finite verb, also finite verb form or personal form, a word form of the verb is designated (cf. word forms). The finite verb is conjugate, expressing certain grammatical features. The finite verb indicates person, number, genus, mode, and tense, and changes with the subject. Expressions without a finite verb are not sentences but headings, points of structure, or exclamations (cf. interjection). All German sentences contain at least one finite verb form, which is a part of the predicate (cf. The counterpart is the infinite verbs.
Fin de Siècle
As Fin de Siècle, also decadentism, a life-feeling as well as an artistic and cultural movement between the years 1890 and 1914 is designated. The Fin de Siècle influenced the literature, music and art of the time, but it can not be described as a separate literary epoch, but rather as a setting that reflected different styles. Thus, this Decadentism decisively influenced Symbolism, Art Nouveau and Impressionism, Aestheticism, and similar avangardist tendencies, which even partially contradicted their content. In terms of content, the movement revolves around the cultural decline and can also be understood as a counter-movement to naturalism, which, especially in art and literature, considered the scientific and scientific design of empirical reality as an ideal.
Figurenrede
The speech of figures of a literary work is described as a speech, also a speech for the people. In a text, there are five ways the individual figures can express themselves. Basically, one differentiates between direct, indirect and experienced speech as well as the inner monologue and the stream of consciousness as forms of the figurative speech. These forms are shown below.
Figurenkonstellation
The creation of a figurative constellation helps to understand the connections and ratios of the figures in a text. In the figure constellation, therefore, all social relations (friendships or degree of dependency) and psychological or even mental relationships of the characters are held. The figure constellation shows how the figures are connected to one another in dramatic or epic texts and stand together.
Figura etymologica
A Figura etymologica is a stylistic device in which words with the same word stem, which belong to different types of words, belong. Often these are verb and noun. By repeating, the Figura etymologica achieves emphaticness and activates the full meaning of a statement, which strengthens it. The stylistic figure is related to polyptotone and paronomasia.
Festschrift
In general, a publication is a publication which is compiled for a festive occasion. In particular, however, the term means, above all, an opportunity letter, which is handed over to an ancient scholar as a stipulation for a particular event, such as a jubilee or a birthday. Such a memorandum contains essays by friends, colleagues and pupils, who at best deal with and devote themselves to specific questions and problems of the subject area of the accused. Furthermore, the memorandum offers an appreciation of the work of life and of scientific work, as well as a list of writings of the scholar, which is as complete as possible, which is why the memorandum is an important source of the history of science.
Familienroman
The family romance, also a generational romance or a family saga, is a novel genre, whose plot deals primarily with the fate of a family. The figure constellation is thus mainly characterized by the members of a family. The narrated time thus usually extends over several generations and thus usually covers several decades. Since the figurative ensemble is located within the family or in the vicinity of this family, similar conflicts always arise in family romans (eg inheritances, generation conflicts …).
Fallhöhe
The notion of falling height is directly connected with the state clause, a dramenpetic principle. The state clause states that in a tragedy only kings, princes, and figures with a high social rank should be represented, where the simple bourgeoisie should be shown in comedies. This was justified by the fact that only figures with a very high status have the corresponding drop height to be regarded as tragic in the event of failure. This also means that the life of the bourgeoisie has too little importance to reach a fall which would come to the fore in tragedy.
Faksimile
A facsimile replica of rare print works as well as manuscripts, graphical representations or similar things is described as facsimile. This is generally the original copy of a template. A good facsimile is thus not optically distinguishable from the respective original, and it balances in the state of preservation, color and size, whereby aging phenomena or also usage traces are taken into account. The facsimile output of a work thus gives the impression that it is the original. In the past, such imitations were mainly produced by copper engravings, woodcuts, or breaks. Today, a photomechanical reproduction is mostly produced, the so-called light pressure providing the best results.
Fachjargon
The jargon is referred to as technical jargon within a technical language. The jargon means a speech or expression that is spoken within a group and sometimes seems incomprehensible to outsiders. The jargon is not standardized. This means that there is no instance that specifies what is correct and what is wrong. The situation is different. This is standardized and is known within the respective subject. The specialist yargon now means non-standardized terms and phrases that have arisen in a specialized language.
Fabula
fabula is a term of narrative theory, which goes back to Viktor Borisovič Šklovskij and became popular by Boris Viktorovič Tomaševskij’s Theory of Literature (1925). As a fabula, the totality of the events of a narrative is described in its logical and temporal links, but not in the order as it is in the work (→ Sujet).