As a monologue, in contrast to dialogue, the self-talk of a character is called. The monologue can be used both in the lyric as well as in the epic, but is mainly characteristic of the drama (→ literary genres). The monologue means the conversation of a figure of the piece without the addressee (receiver), but with an imaginary listener (→ figurine).
Month: September 2017
Monograph
The monograph is a treatise, that is, the written representation, of a single object in book form. This means that the monograph deals with a single state of affairs, a living being, a problem, a work or a personality. It is irrelevant how many authors are involved in this work, when the contributions are devised together. Monographs are usually holistic. So you are trying to illuminate and present a theme from all points of view. The term is also used as a counterpart to continuous collections such as periodicals.
Means rhyme
A rhyme type and a special form of the Binnenreim are designated as the middle rhymes. In the middle rhyme, two words converge, which are in the following verses. It is important that the words that result in the binding are not at the beginning or end, but rather in the middle of the respective lines. Very similar forms are the middle rhymes and the rhyme rhyme.
Central axle set
As a center axis set, also an axial, symmetrical and centered set, a text is designated whose lines are centered on the center. This means that the individual text lines are centered on a central axis. The distance between the text and the column edge is thus identical on the left and on the right. In language usage, however, the formulation of a text is more common. The center axis set is also a form of the flutter set, because the individual text lines are not flush, but flutter at the sides and thus have a staircase structure.
Measure (Metrum)
The measure or metrum is a concept from the verse (metric). In this context, the measure describes the extent to which the individual syllables in each verse are accentuated or unstressed. In this way, the verses within a poem can, of course, influence the rhythm and structure, but also the mood and our reading.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a rhetorical stylistic which is used in all genera. In the case of metonymy, the intended word is replaced by another, which is in a real relation to what is meant. There is therefore a logical, spatial, causal or temporal connection between what is said and what is said. The stylistic figure is related to the metaphor and the Synekdoche, in some cases overlapping the stylistic means.
Metaphrase
Metaphrase is the word-wise translation of verse poetry in prose, whereby the rhyme scheme and the metrum are not always respected. Furthermore, the explanatory repetition of a word can be designated by a synonym as a metaphrase. If the second possibility occurs, the whole can be described as a rhetorical stylistic device.
Memoirs
The memorized life memories of an individual are described as memoirs. The chronological development is told in an epoch, but the focus is always placed on the perception of the experiencer. Thus, memoirs are memorabilia or records of self-witnessed events. In contrast to the chronicle, memoirs focus not on a history, but on a personal experience. In contrast to autobiography, the social role of the memoir writer is clearly the focus, not the career of the not yet socialized man. The identity of the author has thus already been consolidated in memoirs.
Memento mori
Memento mori is a Latin saying that comes to mind that you die! or quite generally with the remembrance of death! translated. The saying is a Vanitas symbol. Vanitas describes the Christian, Jewish notion that all life on earth is perishable. Such Vanitas motifs show and remind us that man has no power over life. In art there are frequently hourglasses or skulls, which make it clear that all life has somehow passed away. In addition, there are meanings that address this topic, such as Memento mori or Carpe diem. The turn of Memento mori dates back to the Middle Ages, but has been increasingly used since the Renaissance, and has witnessed an absolute climax in the works of the literature and art of the Baroque (see Literaturepochen).
Adebar
The stork is known as Adebar in the fable or in fairy tales and legends. The designation is therefore a fabeltier. In this case, quite concrete human characteristics are attributed adequately, while he is regarded as haughty, but also taught. In addition, the stork is considered to be the bearer of the newborn, which is why it is often represented with a bundle in the beak, and the surprise is that a stork sitting on the roof of a house announces the birth of a child. As far as the literature is concerned, it is essential that the qualities attributed to Adebar do not change in the course of such a narrative: Master Adebar does not develop as a result, which is why it is always foreseeable for the reader and the listener how, History.
Masterpiece
A masterpiece is the masterly, outstanding work of an artist who has convinced both the critics and the addressees as well as an extraordinary work of his work. The masterpiece is usually a late work of the artist, in which he condenses the gained experiences and knowledge in a special way in a work of art. The most important work, Opus magnum, is generally masterful.
Miniseries
A multipart is a work, which consists of at least two parts, which belong together in content. This can be a cinematic, musical or literary work, whereby the term is usually referred to as films or extensive prose works (eg novels). The individual works of such a multicomponent are, in fact, together in content, but generally function independently. The action of the individual parts is thus self-contained and rarely interrupted by strong cliffhangers.
Teichoscopy
As pondoscopy, also called Mauerschau, is called a technical stylistic means in the drama. Pondoscopy means the fact that a happening that can not be shown on the stage is nevertheless conveyed. The trick here is that the happening is moved behind a wall (obstacle) that the viewer does not overcome. Some figures can see and report it.
Dystopia
Dystopia, also called anti-utopia and matopia, is the counterpart of positive utopia (cf. eutopia). Dystopia is a narrative which shows a negative distortion of future humanity. This future is characterized by a society that has developed into a negative one. Frequent themes are the enslavement of mankind and, in general, the circumcision of all freedoms, which is often caused by an overpowering technique which has been designed by man himself, but will no longer be handled in the future. In addition, dystopia often shows the totalitarian state and its power, with only small groups enjoying privileges and lower and middle class living standards below the level of contemporary societies. There is often a protagonist in these dystopias, who inquires about these social conditions and feels that something is in the arrogance, in which case he rebels against the system or the rulers.
Characteristics of a fairy tale
Fairy tales are one of the forms of text, which we listen to and encounter in childhood. They are familiar to us and the most important features of a fairy tale are even known to the smallest of us. In doing so, we have certain expectations when the wolf is led into the text and shudder when a witch rises into the story. Fortunately, however, we know that in the end everything will be good, because if they have not died, they still live today.
March
As a march, an oral narrative was described in middle-high German poetry, and later a kind of report. Since the Mar was spoken orally, it was mostly regarded as unreliable or unbelievable. Between the 13th and 15th century, the concept formed a distinct genre. This was fluctuating, mostly obscene, and a pair of rhymes from four-legged verses. Today the term is used for modern legends as well as for untrue events. The diminutive of Mar, the fairy tale, was already used in the baroque for an untrue, thus fictitious, narrative.
Makame
Makame, also Maqâma, is the Arabic term for a gathering of scholars and philospheres, which revolves around questions of grammar. In such disputations (see Disput), the conversation partner usually won a victory, which was characterized by word-wit and quick-wittedness. From the conversations of these assemblies, a literary genre emerged in prose, which is rooted in rhymes and is also referred to as makame. A makame is rhythmic rhyme prose, which is characterized by allusions and word games, but is traversed by proverbs and quotations. It includes several anecdotes, which are from the same protagonist.
Opus magnum
Opus magnum, also Magnum opus, is the most important work of an artist. The term is used primarily in connection with writers, poets and musicians, but is also used by scientists. The terms “summum opus” and “opus summum” are equally significant, whereby the œuvre means the total work of an artist. In alchemy, the term means the transformation of a substance into gold as well as the creation of the philosopher’s stone.
Lyrisches Ich
The lyric self is the speaker of a poem. Consequently, the lyrical ego emerges only in the lyric, the literary genre of the epic being shown by a narrator. It is important that we differentiate the lyrical self from the author of the text. It is true that the author is the author, but not the authority which speaks in the poem and reveals itself to the reader (compare poetic analysis).
Comedy
A dramatic work is described as a play. The play is the German-speaking counterpart to comedy, just as the trauers game is the counterpart to tragedy. The term is often used synonymously for comedy and has been used in this use since 1536. As a German-language translation of the comedy, however, Johann Christoph Gottsched’s theoretical … Read more
Pack of lies
A short narrative is described as lying history, which is fundamentally false. However, in a lie story, it is portrayed as if the narrations correspond to the facts, which is why an ego narrator speaks of the alleged acts, often choosing the form of the travel report. It is related to the rogue story (compare Schwank).
Fill in the Blank
Gap text is a text in which individual letters, syllables, words, and complete word sequences have been omitted, creating gaps. These gaps must now be closed. This is usually referred to as a gaps test, also a gap test, in which the participants have to complete the missing parts. In this case, the text modules to be used can be predefined, but they must sometimes be opened up from the context (for example, the topic of the previous lesson). Completing such gaps requires a sufficient understanding of the language as well as an extensive knowledge of the vocabulary being requested.
Spoon language
A spoon language is a secret or spoken language. The spoon language is based on the exchange of the vowels of a word by fixed abbreviations, whereby the consonants of the word remain untouched. In order to decode the language, to learn or to speak, the abbreviated abbreviations must be known. Furthermore, the spoon language is also sometimes very difficult to understand for the initiate because it is spoken silently, thus ignoring the word boundaries. The play language is therefore incomprehensible for outsiders and sounds like gibberish or jargon. (→ online translator for spoon language).
Understatements
The litotes is a stylistic means which, by means of double negation, affirms a statement or pushes it into the foreground through understatement. This means that the litotes express the opposite or diminishes what is meant, in order to intensify it in the actual. The Litotes is a stylistic figure that highlights things and is related to hyperbola and irony.
Debris literature
A German literature of literature, which begins immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945 and can be imitated until the beginning of the 1950s, is being described as rubble literary literature, also home literature and literature of the hour zero, whereby it is replaced by more demanding forms. The representatives of the rubble literature had mostly returned home from the war and tried to draw a realistic and true picture of the world of the post-war period. At the same time, the language – which in the Nazi regime was regarded as an ideologue carrier – should not be lyrically transfigured, but clearly show the reality. Writers of the rubble literature portray the experiences of the war, but also show how the present is presented to them in post-war Germany. The language of prose was often denigrated by the Nazi period, which led to the creation of numerous lyrical works. Popular genres are the short story, the sonnet and the satire, while the drama contained only a few pieces, which found a large audience. The literary epoch of debris literature forms the prelude to what later is called “postwar literature.” Postwar literature can be documented in 1967.
Literary genres
Literary genres describe literature from without. This means that the attempt is made to bring literary texts into order and to summarize them by their similarities and peculiarities. But sometimes this is not so easy, as there are many borderline cases.
Letter to the editor
The reader’s letter is the written response to a published article (newspaper), which is why it serves to present a personal opinion. The reader ‘s letter, like the commentary and the review, falls into the journalistic realm. It makes it possible to present one’s own point of view to a public and is used in school to present a position and to train one’s own rhetorical abilities (→ writing).
Legend
A legend is used to describe a narrative text, which is related to the fairy tale, the legend, the myth and the fable. The legend, in its original meaning, meant a reading from the life and work of a saint, who was usually presented on his anniversary. Later on, the term was used to cover all the stories in prose or verse that related the life of a saint or a religious event that was not historically tangible.
Nomenclature
Onomatopoeia, including lute painting, sound painting, or onomatopoeia, is a rhetoric style used in all literary genres. Onomatopoeia means the reproduction and imitation of non-linguistic sounds by linguistic means. That is, words or phrases are intended to remind the receiver (reader, listener) of how this auditory sound or sound they actually sound sounds. Such onomatopoetic words therefore recall or mimic a sound, but are not always self-explanatory.
Laureate
A laureate is generally considered to be a prize-winner and consequently a person who is honored with a prize, an order, or a comparable award, such as a Nobel Prize winner who is awarded the Nobel Prize for his work or work. Most of these are scientists, politicians, poets and winners of a competition. In connection with poetry, there is the so-called Poeta laureatus, a crowned poet, who was already symbolically selected with a laurel wreath in the ancient world (see Dionysia), and he was also endowed with money, partly a pension, and additional rights , The Poet Laureate is derived from Poet Laureate, a poet who is distinguished by the state, which is especially common in Canada, England, and the United States.
Flowing text
Der Fließtext, auch Lauftext, ist ein Text, welcher in einem Stück gesetzt wurde und somit nicht durch Unterbrechungen (Abbildungen, Absätze, Fußnoten, Tabellen, Überschriften etc.) durchzogen ist. Ein Fließtext ist demzufolge ein fortlaufender, durchgängiger Text. Für die literarische Gattung der Epik sind prosaische Fließtexte charakteristisch, wohingegen das Drama, aber vor allem die Lyrik durch zahlreiche Unterbrechungen gekennzeichnet sind (Verse, Hakenstil, Strophen usw.).
Master lamp
Master lamp, partly also only lamp, is the name of the hare in the fable. Consequently, the name is a fabier, such as Isegrim for the wolf, Grimbart for the badger or Adebar for the stork. Masterfetas in the fable are attributed to certain human character traits: he usually appears to be very anxious and cautious, but is sometimes preposterous and exuberant. What is decisive is that these characteristics do not change in the course of the narrative: Masterlamp does not develop, which is why readers and listeners can already see beforehand how they will behave in fables, fairy tales and legends.
Cycle
The Kyklos is a stylistic medium that we encounter in lyric poetry. Basically, however, we can make the style figure in texts of all kinds. The Kyklos is a rhetorical figure of repetition. In this case, a sentence member or the beginning word of a sentence (verse) is used again at its end. In this way, the intensity, ie effectiveness, of a word can be intensified enormously.
Cross rhyme
A rhyme rhyme is described as a cross-rhyme in the lyric, which, in addition to the pair rhyme, the rhymed rhyme, and the rhyme rhyme, is one of the most famous rhyme schemata. The cross-rhymes meet us in numerous poems and poems of all literary epochs and exists in various variations, the rhyme scheme partly vary.
Coryphae
As a coryphae, a personality is distinguished, which is outstanding in a specialist field or a leader. The term can be used to designate persons of all professions, usually leading scientists or outstanding artists. In the ancient Greek theater of the ancient world, the choral or singing leader was described as a coryphae, which is why the term was retained in the modern theater, where the leader of the ballets or a dancer spoke.
Controversy
The controversy is a debate or a dispute, which is conducted over a longer period of time. The issue of the controversy can be any nature, whereby it is not limited to a specific subject. Controversies can be conducted between two persons, certainly also privately, but also between groups or parties. If such a dispute occurs between large camps, this can lead to social unrest within the group. All media (literary works, films, etc.) can be controversially discussed. The concept is related to the dispute.
Declarative sentence
As a statement, also a declarative sentence, a proposition theorem, a narrative sentence, or a constant theorem, a sentence is designated in German which makes an assertion or assertion. Excerpts thus make a statement about a fact which can be true or false. In German, one differentiates sentences, call rates, question sets, wish phrases and exclamation sentences. This distinction is necessary because the position of the predicate varies according to the type of sentence. In the exposition the finite verb is in second place, ending with a point or a comma, the intonation is falling, and the mode is indicative or subjunctive (see types of sentences).
Consonant
The consonant, also referred to as the consonant, is the term used to refer to any sound which, when pronounced, impedes the flow of the breath and narrows the voice of the speaker. The counterpart is formed by the vowels (a, e, i, o, u), the pronunciation of which neither leads to the closure nor to the narrow, so the air can flow unhindered. All other letters thus find a correspondence in the consonants.
Comparative
As a comparative, one of the forms of the adjective (nouns) is called. The adjective knows three forms of development: the basic form (positive), the comparative (1st increment) and the superlative (2nd increment). Accordingly, the superlative is the highest form of the word. The comparative makes it possible to compare two things together (X is wiser than Y), the highest form compares a thing with several things, or even the whole (Z is the wisest).
Concrete poetry
The Concrete Poetry is an avangardistic flow of literature dealing with experimental poetry. Concrete poetry tries to solve the linguistic elements of their meaning. It is possible to differentiate between acoustic poetry and visual poetry. The acoustic seal solves all the linguistic elements of a text from its meaning and arranges them according to acoustic, ie sound, rules. Visual poetry experiments with the appearance of texts, whereby the text conveys a statement about its external form or actually becomes a picture.
Comment
A commentary is an opinion-based and journalistic text, which also includes the collection of comments on a literary text under this term, as well as a personal comment on any subject. These uses are explained below, with the focus on the journalistic text. This often refers to a current event and is a personal statement of the author. A special form is the column.
Four-ear model
The four-ear model, also a four-page model, news square or communication square, is a communication model of Friedemann Schulz von Thun. The communication scientist Schulz von Thun assumes that the sending and receiving of a message always takes place in four ways. Whoever speaks, communicates the following levels: content, relationship, self-disclosure and appeal. The speaker thus speaks with four beaks. The receiver can also hear the content on these four levels. Thus he hears with four ears.
Column
As a column, an opinion-forming and journalistic text is called, which is a form of the commentary. The column is often written by an editor or a changing guest pub, and always appears regularly in the same place of the respective medium. It is an opinion and thus reflects the views of the author on a matter of fact.
Knittelvers
As Knittelvers, Knüttelvers and Knüttel is called a German verse, which was particularly popular in the 16th century. The Knittelverse is a four-edged verse, which is characterized by a pair of rhymes: successive lines of rhymes are rhyming. However, the number of sinks is optional. A distinction is made between free and severe knights (see below).
Cliche
As a cliché, also cliché, was originally a prefabricated printing block in the letterpress described. In most cases, however, the term means a pre-defined, prefabricated view, as well as a retracted idea of a state of affairs. Clichés are often related to a particular group of persons (eg: Germans are punctual) and anchored in words (example: punctual as the masons). Such thoughtless, partly unreflected, thought patterns are often used in trivial literature.
Blurb
The cover text can be found on the respective folded-in ends of the protective cover of a book and often contains a striking description of the content of the work as well as further information on the author. Sometimes, there is also advertising on other books by the publisher. A book that does not have a protective cover presents these contents mostly on the second page. However, the text, which is on the back of the book, is sometimes also called “Klappentext”.
Nursery rhymes
Children’s rhymes are often ancient folk, which have lasted over the years and have mostly been passed down orally. Children’s rhymes are used, among other things, in the kindergarten, to playfully expand the vocabulary of children. Since children ‘s rhymes are frequently melodic or sung in a kind of singing, they are often indistinguishable from children’ s songs.
Burden
The sweeping rhyme is a rhyme scheme without a clear pattern and is related to the refrain we know from the music. A recurring sequence of sounds, words, groups of words, and verses between the verses of a text, at the end, beginning, or a repetitive end-rhyme within a stanza, is designated as a sweep.
Gibberish
A gibberish is an incomprehensible or confused speech as well as language. It is incomprehensible because it is composed of various feminine elements, or a mixture of different foreign languages, which are partly used by false forms of genus, case, and number. Consequently, an incomprehensible pronunciation can also be called gibberish. Gingerbread is similar to Grammelot, a play language of the theater consisting of phantasies and sounds (see Nonsens).
Katharsis
Der Begriff Katharsis geht auf die aristotelische Poetik zurück. Dabei schreibt Aristoteles der Tragödie die Wirkung zu, dass sie beim Zuschauer Jammer (eleos) sowie Schauder (phobos) erzeugt, was dann die Katharsis bewirkt. Als Katharsis bezeichnet er die Reinigung von diesen Leidenschaften (Jammer, Schauder) und ähnlichen Affekten (Gemütserregungen). Das Verständnis des Begriffs und die Frage, wer nun die Katharsis durchlebt (Zuschauer oder Figuren) ist seit jeher umstritten und führte in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten zu verschiedenen Deutungen und Interpretationsansätzen.