Pleonasmus is a stylistic device and a rhetorical figure. As pleonasmen, we refer to the repetition of meaningless, but different, words. The stylistic figure thus occurs when, in a group of words, a certain content is expressed several times and in different ways. Pleonasmus can be interpreted as a stylistic device, but also as a stylistic defect.
Month: September 2017
Thoughts Poetry
The form of lyric poetry, which in the first instance contains intellectual experiences, is called the thought-lyricism, also the idea of lyricism and philosophical lyricism. It is not the immediate experience (cf. Erlebnislyrik) or, as in the ballad, the narrative in the foreground, but philosophical, religious and generally intellectual-ideological content. The idea is not conveyed through a symbol, but rather as an inner experience. The lyrical ego therefore tries to attain clarity through thoughts or facts, to itself, or even to the external world. The different sides of the respective object are usually shown, and they are oscillated between intuition and reflection. At the same time, the idea of love is separated from the doctrinal and purposive poetry, but can be indirectly didactic or doctrinal through the depicted.
Petz
As Petz, sometimes also Meister Petz, is the bear in the fable, but also in fairy tales and legends. It is therefore the name of a fabier, as well as Isegrim for the wolf, Adebar for the stork or master lamp for the hare. Master Petz is attributed to human character in the fable. He is usually characterized as nice, kind and good-natured, but at the same time appears a bit naive and simple. What is essential is that these characteristics do not change in the course of the narrative: Master Petz does not develop, which is why it is usually foreseeable how he will behave in history.
Personification
Personification is a stylistic device that makes people and persons from abstract or general things. The personification is a secondary form of the metaphor and is also heavily based on allegory. The style-figure furnishes non-living beings with characteristics or actions that are otherwise only attributed to living creatures. Thus the personification increases the vitality and vividness of language.
Personal description
For the first time, we describe the description of the people in the German language at the elementary school. In the description of the person, an attempt is made to create an exact overall picture of a fictional figure or a real person. Here, it is important to make very detailed statements so that the character described is clearly distinguishable from all others.
Finite verb
Finite verb
As a finite verb, also finite verb form or personal form, a word form of the verb is designated (cf. word forms). The finite verb is conjugate, expressing certain grammatical features. The finite verb indicates person, number, genus, mode, and tense, and changes with the subject. Expressions without a finite verb are not sentences but headings, points of structure, or exclamations (cf. interjection). All German sentences contain at least one finite verb form, which is a part of the predicate (cf. The counterpart is the infinite verbs.
Personal narrator
There is a narrator in the literary genre of epic. The narrator can take different perspectives and thus influence how we perceive the world of figures in the text. We distinguish four different narrative perspectives: the auctorial, neutral, personal, and the special form of the narrator. The personal narrative perspective is now to be completed.
Persiflage
Als Persiflage wird das Verspotten in Form der literarischen Nachahmung bezeichnet, welche zumeist ironischer Natur ist und geistreich erscheint. Das bedeutet, dass die Gedanken, Ansichten oder auch der Stil eines Gegners in einem Text übertrieben nachgeahmt werden, um ebendiesen lächerlich zu machen. Darüber hinaus kann ein gesamtes Genre oder ein bestimmtes Werk durch die Persiflage verspottet werden. Verwandt ist die Persiflage mit der Parodie, der Satire sowie der Polemik.
Periphrasis
The periphrase is a stylistic device of rhetoric that can be encountered in all literary genres. Periphrase is the widening description of a thing, a concept, or a person. This means that the Stilfgur describes a concept by its characteristics, activities or effects. It has a reinforcing effect and is related to euphemism.
Peripeteia
Peripety is the climax and thus the turning point in classical drama. Peripety is the unexpected reversal in the course of action of the drama, which is why the result (good or bad) of the action is evident at this point. Thus the peripety signifies the sudden reversal of the happiness / misfortune in the fate of the agent
Pentameter
The Pentameter is an antique verse made of six embers. In principle, the pentameter consists of six dactyls (one elevation, two depressions), with the third and sixth dactyls both sinking. As a result, the third and fourth lifts in the pentameter immediately follow each other, which is referred to as the lift impact (→ offset).
Pentalogy (Five-Part)
A pseudonym, also a five-part work, is an artistic work, which consists of five individual parts, which together belong together. Pentalogy is mostly a literary, musical or cinematic work, the term sometimes being transferred to other areas and then being able to designate any kind of artistic five-part. What is essential for the pentalogy is that their parts, although they are cohesive in content, but usually function independently. This means that the action of the individual works is mostly self-contained and thus comprehensible without the knowledge of other parts (see Mehrteiler). The term is often referred to the literature – often prose works – or the film.
Counterpart
A counterpart or a counterpart is called a counterpart. In art, the counterpart means a work of art that resembles another in size, form, presentation, choice of object, and content. In literature one can refer to the concept of a work which resembles another in many details. For example, Nasreddin Hoca, the protagonist of many humorous prosaic stories, which is primarily known in the Turkish-Islamic-influenced area, can be regarded as a counterpart to Till Eulenspiegel, a rogue of a middle-German legend.
Pars pro toto
The Pars pro toto is a stylistic device of rhetoric and a special form of Synekdoche as well as metonymy and belongs to the group of the tropics. The pars pro toto replaces one expression by another, which is a part of the replaced term. The stylistic counterpart of Pars pro toto is the Totum pro parte. Here the whole stands for a part of the whole.
Paronomasia
Paronomasia, also called paranomasia, is a rhetorical stylistic device used in all literary genres. Paronomasia describes a word play, in which similar or similar words are compiled, which have partly opposite, but in any case different meanings. A special form is the Figura etymologica, which combines words of different types of words, but of the same tribe. The stylistic is also related to the polyptotone.
Parody
The parody is the mocking or joking imitation and the distorting overwriting of an artistic work. The parody can refer to works, styles and genres. It can be found in all the arts (film, music, literature, etc.), and it can also be found in all literary genres (epic, drama, lyric). The parody mimics a work either exaggerated, mocking or using the form of the work and filling it with its own, inappropriate content. Thus the melody of a song could be used, but the text would be changed. So it is important for the understanding that the original is known. Satire, travesty and persiflage are related.
Parenthesis
Parenthesis is a rhetorical stylistic device used in texts of every kind and literary genre. As a parenthesis, the interruption of a sentence is designated by the insertion of another sentence. In this case, the inserted sentence is placed in dashes, brackets, or commas, and is grammatically complete and independent.
Parataxis
The Parataxe is a stylistic device. The Parataxe describes a juxtaposition of independent sentences, that is, principal sentences. These can be linked by commas, semicolons, dashes, or conjunctions (see sentence series) or separated by a period. It is important that this sequence is not interrupted by secondary sentences, ie subordinate sentences. In addition, the ranking of words and groups of words can also be considered as paratactic. A paratactic text can be short, strong or absolute. The counterpart is the hypotaxis.
Parallelism
Als Parallelismus wird ein rhetorisches Stilmittel bezeichnet, das uns in allen literarischen Gattungen begegnen kann. Der Parallelismus meint die Wiederholung derselben Wortreihenfolge in Sätzen, die aufeinander folgen. Das bedeutet, dass gleiche Satzarten, die nacheinander folgen, eine identische Abfolge ihrer Satzglieder (Subjekt, Prädikat, Objekt, Adverbial etc.) aufweisen. Oft werden hierbei sogar Wörter wiederholt, was die Parallelität verstärkt. Verwandt sind Chiasmus und Antithese.
Paradox
A rhetorical stylistic device is called a paradox. The paradox is the exaggerated, absurd and seemingly contradictory formulation of a thought. This contradictory statement, however, is a deep knowledge. Paradoxes, on closer inspection, always have a higher truth. The inconsistency of the stylistic figure is shared with the oxymoron.
Parabe
The parable is an epic small form, which is related to the parable. The parabola is a short, instructive text, which must be decrypted by the receiver (reader, listener). In a parable, a story is told, which can be transferred to a really meant situation. In this context, one speaks of two levels: the image plane as well as the plane plane. The image plane describes the superficial event, from which the real thing can be deduced by interpretation: the plane of affairs. The parabola, therefore, resembles the fable and the allegory.
Parabasis
The parabase is an element of the Attic comedy and thus the drama. The parabase refers to a moment when the chorus comes out of its role, ie acts outside the drama, and directs itself directly to the audience. Usually, the parabase can be found in the post-play of the play, and consisted in the ancient Greek comedy mostly of seven parts.
Pamphlet
The pamphlet, also libel, pamphlet, and pamphlet, is a written treatise that criticizes grievances, attacks people and institutions, or even demands the implementation of specific demands. The pamphlet often has a polemical, attacking character and is often characterized by a passionate style. In this case the objectivity of the argumentation and the rhetorical design of the slogans suffer in many instances. The primary goal of the pamphlet is thus the denunciation or the targeted reduction of a person or thing.
Pair rhyme
The pair rhyme is a very well-known rhyme scheme, which is quite common in children’s rhymes, children’s songs, counting rhymes and, of course, in popular music. This is due to the fact that the pair rhyme is very simple knitted and also has a very catchy rhyme scheme. This follows the pattern aabb.
Ostracon
The Ostrakon is a pottery shard, which served as a cheap writing material in addition to papyrus and parchment in antiquity. Such ostracs were mainly found in ancient Greece as well as in the Egypt of the 3rd century BC, Chr. Most of the time, the shards were used to keep short notes, such as school assignments, invoices, receipts, lists, sayings or even concise letters of all kinds. In addition, literary and religious texts can also be found on Ostraka. For this purpose, the text has either been inked or carved into the Ostracon using a pointed object. Very rarely, however, the term is also used for shell, egg and limestone shards, which serve the same purpose.
Ora et labora
Ora et labora is a Latin saying, praying and working! and has its origins in the Late Middle Ages (see Literaturepochen). The saying can be regarded as an essential principle of the Benedictines, a monk’s order of the Roman Catholic Church. In principle, it is a matter of the fact that the work and the prayer are always alternating, whereby it is assumed that the work – when it demands man and reveals his talents – occupies an important place in human life and is also essential to this to the same extent. Prayer is, however, not to be regarded as idleness, but rather as a form of inner work.
Opus magnum
Opus magnum, also Magnum opus, is the most important work of an artist. The term is used primarily in connection with writers, poets and musicians, but is also used by scientists. The terms “summum opus” and “opus summum” are equally significant, whereby the œuvre means the total work of an artist. In alchemy, the term means the transformation of a substance into gold as well as the creation of the philosopher’s stone.
Opponent
Opponent is a person who represents a contrary opinion in the scientific controversy. In ancient rhetoric, there is the concept of disputation (see Disput), which meant a dispute or discussion. In such a disputation Opponent and Proponent met. In doing so, the proponent opened up the dialogue and made a statement (thesis), which the opponent had to refute argumentatively. Now the proponent tried to defend his assertion. If he succeeded, he was the victor. Such disputes are still taking place at universities today.
Operators
Operators are defined as very specific words. Operators are signal words which can be encountered in any given position and which tell us what is to be done in the respective task at all. Operators are divided into three requirements (AFB), which reflect the degree of difficulty of the corresponding task.
Onomatopoesie
Onomatopoeia, including lute painting, sound painting, or onomatopoeia, is a rhetoric style used in all literary genres. Onomatopoeia means the reproduction and imitation of non-linguistic sounds by linguistic means. That is, words or phrases are intended to remind the receiver (reader, listener) of how this auditory sound or sound they actually sound sounds. Such onomatopoetic words therefore recall or mimic a sound, but are not always self-explanatory.
Homoioteleuton
The Homoioteleuton, also Homöoteleuton, Homoeoteleuton as well as Omoioteliton, is a rhetorical stylistic means which we meet mainly in lyricism (cf. literary genres). The Homoioteleuton means that the final syllables of successive words, sentences, or even shorter sentences are rhyming. Thus, the stylistic figure is related to the epiphyse and the internal rhyme, and is … Read more
Okkasionalismus
Occasionalism is a spontaneous, and often unique, word-creation. In philosophy the doctrine of occasional causes is described. In this article the first meaning is considered: occasionalisms as linguistic occasional formations, which can be used as stylistic means. This is a new word, spontaneously formed by the speaker, to close a linguistic gap.
Oeuvre
The entire work of an artist is described as an œuvre. The œuvre means all the works and not only those which are given in a catalog, but also sketches or studies on a painting, other works of art, as well as fragments. This term refers to all artisans. If the author’s literary overall work is displaced, one speaks mostly of the total output, which includes the unabridged output of all works or a genre.
Ode
The ode is a poem with a strophic outline, characterized by a solemn and sublime style. In principle, however, the ode does not have any loop binding, which means that there is no fixed rhyme scheme. In antiquity almost every lyrical work, which was presented to music, was considered an ode. It was not until the eighteenth century that the ode was distinguished from the song, as it was characterized by its artistic design and superior style.
Number
A numeric form is used as a number in the grammar to express quantities. Thus, the number that a term describes can be recognized. In the German grammar, we distinguish between singular (singular) and plural (plural). In German, the nouns noun, adjective, verb, articles and pronouns form their own number forms and are therefore adapted to the number of the designated person. In other languages it can be different.
Numerale
As a numeric, also a numeric word, a grammar is called a word type. The numeralies describe my words which describe the number, quantity, or rank of a thing or thing. In this case, numerals can be distinguished into definite as well as undetermined ones, which are expressed in cardinal numbers (one, two, …), ordinal numbers (first, …), fractional numbers (one third, …), duplicate words (double, …) and undefined number adjectives.
Normative argument
An argument is a statement to prove a proposition, ie a thesis. The strength of such a thesis depends on the quality of the arguments we can find for them. A normative argument is a statement which is based on a recognized pattern of thought, ie a norm. Such patterns of thought are called topoi.
Normatives Argument
An argument is a statement to prove a proposition, ie a thesis. The strength of such a thesis depends on the quality of the arguments we can find for them. A normative argument is a statement which is based on a recognized pattern of thought, ie a norm. Such patterns of thought are called topoi.
Nonsense
As a nonsense, also a nonsense poetry or nonsense poetry, is a literary genre, which can be present in both prose and verse. Nonsense poetry is illogical, breaks with norms of language, uses empty comparisons and paradoxical statements. However, nonsense is not meaningless, since texts of this kind still follow systematic rules. A typical form is the shaking rhymes, whereby numerous children’s rhymes are characterized by the described features.
Nonarime
The nonarime is a stanza form as well as a special form of the Italian stanza. A stanza is a stanza, which is composed of eight Iambian lines with eleven syllables and a female cadence. Most of the time the punch follows the rhyme scheme / cc. A nonarime expands this structure. There are nine lines, ie an additional ending line, where the sequence of sequences corresponds to the pattern abababccb. The last verse therefore also rhymes with the second.
Nominative
A case (case) is referred to as a nominative, also a case or a case. The case indicates the relationship between a noun and the other elements in the sentence. The nominative is the basic form of the noun, whereby the subject is always nominative in a sentence. Furthermore, the nominative is the most frequently used case in the German grammar.
Noun
As nouns, also nouns and main words, things, facts and creatures are designated. Basically my nouns, however, any words that have an actual thing to the content. They are divided into concrete and abstracted nouns. Specifically, all who actually think of an object (house, table, dog), while abstract abstracts describe something thought (courage, joy, love). Nouns are usually accompanied by an article and must be declined.
Nevertheless
Numbly was originally a jokey catchword from the student’s language, which has spread since the nineteenth century in the language of communication and writing. The word is composed of the same meaningless words, and yet together, and for a long time it was only a colloquial joke. Due to the high distribution of the word novelty, it sooner or later entered various dictionaries of the German language and is used by numerous speakers, which is often referred to as the “real” word of the language of communication.
A neutral narrator
An epic text has a narrator who tells the story to the reader. This narrator can take different positions. This position is called a narrative perspective. Basically, we distinguish four narrative perspectives: the auctorial, personal, neutral, and the special form of the narrator. This post is about the neutral narrator.
Neologism
As neologism is called a new language. This can be understood as a rhetorical stylistic device. Neologism is a new-born linguistic expression for new concepts or things. Neologisms are formed by the combination of already existing elements or by means of a meaning transfer as well as the borrowing or translation from a foreign language. Neologisms exist in all living languages.
Four-ear model
The four-ear model, also a four-page model, news square or communication square, is a communication model of Friedemann Schulz von Thun. The communication scientist Schulz von Thun assumes that the sending and receiving of a message always takes place in four ways. Whoever speaks, communicates the following levels: content, relationship, self-disclosure and appeal. The speaker thus speaks with four beaks. The receiver can also hear the content on these four levels. Thus he hears with four ears.
Retelling
The re-enumeration is a form of the essay in which the aim is to recount a read text in hindsight and to reproduce it in its own words. The re-enumeration is introduced in the German language at elementary school and is an important basis for later discussions with the written language (→ write content)
Myth
The myth is an anonymous, first oral tradition, which tells of gods, demons, heroes, and events of the past, and above all of the creation of man or of the world. Such myths can be demonstrated in all cultures, whereby they are a way of mankind to express their world and self-understanding. The myth is thus a form of the (religious) world interpretation and gives answers to the primordial history of mankind. The totality of all the myths of a people or culture is their mythology. Myths always have a claim to truth, so they claim to be true. Sage and legend are similar.
Morse code
The Morse alphabet, also Morse code or Morse code, is a way to convey letters, numbers, special characters, and other characters of punctuation. The Morse alphabet is based on the fact that an acoustic or visual signal is switched on and off. The signal is either long or short and is separated by pauses. The Morse alphabet can be transmitted via radio and audio signals or as an electrical pulse as well as mechanically or optically. (→ here is the online translator for Morsecode).
Monophthong
A simple vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is named as monophthong. Vowels are referred to as lutes, in the pronunciation of which the air stream of the speaker is not hindered, as is the case with the consonants. A simple vowel is now a sound whose vowel quality does not change when speaking. The shaping of the speech apparatus remains the same for monophthong. In dipthong it changes.