Dispute is a controversial conversation or dispute. Anyone who has a dispute with a person carries with him a word battle and tries to carry his own arguments to any point of view and convince his opponent. The person who disputes a dispute is called a disputant. The disputation was originally an exercise in rhetoric and since the Middle Ages an integral part of the academic training.
Literary Devices
Diseuse
In the cabaret, an artist is called Diseuse, who can read alien or own chansons – songs that are rooted in French culture – as well as texts. The terms chansonnière or chansonnette are used synonymously in German, whereas the male counterpart of the disease is called disease. In general, the term means a votrag-artist, who plays chanting, songs, or proverbs in the cabaret or on a trolley stage.
Discours
A discourse is described as discours. Consequently, the concept is derived from the theory of theories. Together with the histoire, the discours form two elements of narrative, which are closely linked. The histoire refers to the narrated history of a text, whereas the actual text of a work is designated as discours.
Diphthong
The diphthong, also twig and bifurcation, is a double of two consecutive vowels, which are different. This means that the two vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are connected during speech and are not spoken separately. In German these combinations are common: au, ei, ai, eu, äu and ui. The dipthongues ei / ai and eu / äu are alike
Dionysien
The Dionysia are the festival in honor of the god Dionysus in Greek antiquity. Dionysus is the god of wine, joy, fertility, grapes, ecstasy and madness. Initially, this involved ceremonies of solemn, cultic ceremonies that were religiously shaped, and the urban Dionysia developed in Athens. From then on, these were committed annually between March and April and lasted for eight days. Cultic rituals (dance, sacrifice, singing) were practiced, which in the end were regarded as predecessors of Greek comedy and tragedy. Very characteristic of this are the so-called dithyrambs, that is, hymn-like choral songs, which were performed in honor of the god Dionysus. The urban Dionysia was characterized by a strong influence on the worship of Athena and Dionysus. The city was dominated by Peisistratos (around 600 BC – 528/527 BC), a statesman and tyrant. Dionysia is also the main contest of the comedies and tragedy poets (Agon) who showed their works during the festival.
Dingsymbol
In the literature, objects, animals or even plants, which have a symbolic meaning in the respective work, are referred to as objects. Such symbols are found in all literary genres, but are particularly characteristic of the ballad (see poems) and the novel. Dingsymbols play a central role in this process and are repeated at significant points in the work, whereby they can assume a leitmotiv character. The thing symbol can illustrate the deeper meaning connections of a work and symbolically represent specific sequences. The term comes from the novelty theory.
Dinggedicht
A poem is called a poem. The thing poem means a poem that places an object in the center and is written from its perspective. The poem type aims to imitate the essence of the thing from its point of view, as if ebendieses object speaks about itself. Objects are described as objects that do not have their own voice. Thus, poetry can reveal the view of an actual thing (object, artwork, etc.), but also that of living creatures (plants, animals, etc.). A well-known example is The Panther of Rilke.
Diminutiv
As a diminutive, also deminutive, diminutive, deminutivum, the grammar describes the diminution and annihilation of a noun (noun). In German the diminutive is formed by the hanging of -chen or -lein. Often, the root vowel changes to an umlaut (sum → penny). The diminutive can be used for the formation of nicknames, but also for cousins, as well as a rhetorical stylistic (Litotes).
Dilogie (Zweiteiler)
A work, which is composed of two parts, is designated as a dilogy, also a second work. Such a dilogy can be a literary, cinematic, but also musical work. However, the term is mostly used in connection with literary products (eg novels) as well as with regard to films. Often, the individual works of the second-hand work independently, which means that the action of the individual work is often completed in itself (see also: multipart).
Dilettant
A dilettante is the one who practices an art, or even science, solely from hobby, that is to say, for pleasure, and has not exercised it as a profession, or has learned through an education. Thus, the amateur is an amateur, also a layman, and thus differs from the expert. Nevertheless, dilettanteism can not be equated with stupidity, that is, unclean work, because masterpieces and perfect works can be created by amateurs. However, the term is sometimes used as a depreciation for a person who does not understand their subject.
Dilemma
A dilemma, also called a pinch, is the compulsion of a person who has to choose between two possibilities that are equally difficult and unpleasant. Accordingly, the dilemma is always a situation which offers several ways out, but none of them leads to the desired result. Furthermore, the choice between two positive things can be called a dilemma. If there are three options to choose from, one usually speaks of a trilemma, there are several options, from a polylemma.
Digest
The Digest was originally a collection of legal writings or court decisions. Later, the term described mainly a compilation of short excerpts of certain writings, which had already been published in other forms. This could be an excerpt of essays, contributions or entire books, which illuminated a subject area. In general, the term therefore means a collection of excerpts from publications.
Dichter
The author is described as a poet by linguistics. Consequently, a poet is the author of poetry, which in the widest sense is perceived as both literary and linguistic art. In principle, the term can mean the creator of a literary genre, but is now used mainly for artists who are concerned with lyric poetry, but the term “writer” is more common. Even in the Middle Ages, Poet and Poet had the same meaning, but at the latest since the storm and impulse, the poet was regarded as a lover (cf. dilettante) and the poet as genius and author of high literature.
Diaphora
Diaphroa, also called Diapher, is a rhetorical stylistic device used in all literary genres. The diaphora is the repetition of a word or a word sequence in different meaning. The word is, therefore, meant in the repetition in a different way, or is perceived differently from the first mention. Thus, the words are orthographically identical, while homophones (similarity in other spelling) are possible in the oral.
Devise
The currency is either a bill that is payable abroad, that is, a currency in a foreign currency or a term from the heraldry. Heraldry is a term for the coat of arms and deals with the art of the wappen, as well as the right. The Divisa was originally a divided field with an inscription within the coat of arms. Nowadays, however, currency is mainly the thought or the choice of a person or group, as well as their personal slogan.
Deutungshypothese
The interpretation hypothesis is usually encountered in the German language of the upper level, and is a part of poetic analysis and interpretation. In the interpretation hypothesis, we sketch in a few sentences what the basic statement of a text might be. This interpretation hypothesis, however, does not have to be correct and is merely our presumption. We can also contradict it, and expand and alter it following the poetic analysis.
Deuteragonist
The Deuteragonist is the second actor in the Greek drama and often forms the counterpart to the protagonist, who according to the word is the “first fighter”. The name goes back to the Greek theater of antiquity.
Deus ex machina
Deus ex machina is a Latin saying that God means from the machine. This twist marks the sudden emergence of a deity in the ancient tragedy that resolves a conflict. In the Greek drama, there were conflicts, which could not always be solved by the action of the work: these conflicts were solved externally by the surprising intervention of a deity hovering above the theater stage by means of a lifting machine. In addition, deus ex machina is literally used when conflicts are solved by the sudden and unmotivated intervention of external powers in theater and everyday life (see Dénouement).
Destan
As Destan is a member of the Turkish poetry, which has epic elements and was mainly spread in the Middle Ages. The song is mostly arranged in verses composed of eleven silver, usually singing regional heroes, legends or events in Destan. At times the term is also used to refer to Turkish narratives, which are transmitted orally. The author, however, is usually not known in both cases and therefore anonymous (see Adespota).
Desiderat
The Desiderat describes an object or an object that is missing or still being used. The word desiderat or desideratum is derived from Latin (pl. Desiderata, Latin desiderata).
Dénouement
The Dénouement is a dramatic element. As Dénouement describes a resolution of the conflict in drama. Meanwhile, the term is also applied to other genera and is also common in the epic. According to Gustav Freytag’s drama of drama, there is a dramatic work of exposition, elevation with an exciting moment, climax with peripetia, falling action with retardation and catastrophe, which in tragedy causes the denouement.
Dedikation
Dedication means the dedication or appropriation of a work, whether literary or not, to a particular person. Dedication – if literary – finds its place on the first page of a work and is the epitome of the gratitude or the attachment of an author to another person named in the dedication.
Demagogie
Demagogy refers to popular upheaval, popular seduction and political agitation. Consequently, a demagogue stirs up the emotions of his listeners, using stereotypes and prejudices in order ultimately to gain power. Demagogic, therefore, are unsophisticated, disparaging, and public utterances, which are made for the purpose of provoking hatred of persons or groups. Demagogy is polemic, manipulative, and highly destructive.
Debüt
As a debut, the first appearance in a public or the first work (usually an artist), which is presented to the public, is described as the debut in theater, opera, ballet and film. The term is mainly used with regard to artists and actors, but can also be used in sport (first game in a new team). As a result, the first role an actor plays is described as a debut role and the artist as a debutant / debutant. A debutant is also a young woman, who is “introduced into society”.
Daktylus
The Dactylus is a pedunculate, which is composed of three syllables. A verse rhythmizes a lyrical text and determines our reading. The Dactylus is formed by the sequence of a heavy and two light syllables in a verse, and belongs to the four basic metrics of the accentuating metric (→ verse) in addition to Jambus, Trochaeus and Anapaest.
Da capo
As Da capo is meant in the music the instruction, a piece of music – when the musicians are instructed at the instruction – to play again from the beginning. The instruction Da capo is usually completed with al fine. This means that the work is played from the beginning to the note fine. This note can be either actually at the end of the work or at any point within the notation. In addition, Da capo! as an acclamation call from the audience, to recruit musicians, singers or actors. This exclamation is intended to show that the piece was so good that one would like to hear it from the beginning.
Coverstory
A coverstory, also cover story, is used in journalism, but also in journalism, to describe the contribution of a magazine (magazine, magazine), which is represented by the cover of the edition. Accordingly, this is a contribution which is particularly exposed and thus receives increased attention. As a rule, the coverstory has a larger scope, where there is no definition for a certain genre, which is why reports, reports, interviews and other journalistic text forms as well as photo series can be represented on the title page.
Correctio
Correctio is a rhetorical stylistic device which can be encountered in all literary genres. The Correctio describes that a statement is immediately withdrawn and replaced by a weaker or stronger expression. The stylistic figure is therefore a self-correction, in order to reinforce a statement and to relate it to the metaphrase.
Contradictio in adiecto
The contradictio in adiecto is a rhetorical stylistic means and is formed of an adjective and a noun which mutually exclude each other. The contradictio in adiecto is therefore a special form of the oxymoron, which links two concepts which fundamentally contradict or even rule out. The stylistic is also related to the paradox.
Constructio ad sensum
Constructio ad sensum, also Constructio kata synesin or synesis and synesis, is a grammatical conspicuousness that can also be used as stylistic means. The point is that sentences that are syntactically related to one another do not coincide in number, sometimes also in genus. Often, the stylistic figure is found when the speaker uses a singular term, which is thus in the singular, and constructs the further sentence in the sense of the plural. However, this is also possible in reverse. In addition, the Constructio ad sensum can also occur through the superposition of the grammatical gender by the natural.
Concession
The Concession is a rhetorical stylistic tool, which is mainly used in speeches. Anyone using a Concession takes up the opponent’s argument and also acknowledges that it is correct. However, it makes it ineffective in the same train, by giving an argument which is stronger and thus weakened (→ argument types).
Cliffhanger
As Cliffhanger is the breaking in the most exciting moment of a narrated history designated. Typical is the cliffhanger for continuation romans as well as TV series, but is also used with multi-part Kinofilmen. What is important is that the action is condensed shortly before, the tension rises and is broken off at an ebendiese moment and is referred to a continuation. The means is primarily intended to encourage the recipient (reader, viewer, listener) to buy the continuation or to visit a possible follow-up event.
Chronique scandaleuse
The Chronique scandaleuse is a collection or selection of texts that combine scandals as well as gossip stories about persons, places, epochs or milieus. Secret stories of people of a higher rank (eg nobles, clergy) were often spread, although the correctness of the narrated anecdotes was in the least of all cases secured and, consequently, a great many untruths were spread. Sometimes the term is also defined as a secret – sometimes maliciously exaggerated – selection of the mistakes of other persons or individual places.
Chrestomathie
A compilation of texts by different authors in a language, which seems especially useful for the teaching of ebian language, is described as Chrestomathy. Above all, fonts are used in prose. In general language usage, and especially since the modern age, however, chestomathy means any collection of selected texts and text excerpts, which is intended for the lesson, and thereby bundles the most important authors of a country. In contrast to the anthology, which also refers to a (subject-related) collection of individual texts, in the case of chestomathy, the main focus is that it should actually be learned with it. Consequently, this compilation represents a pre-form of today’s reading book.
Chick lit
As chick lit, where lit is the short form of literature (~ literature), one refers to fiction, which is mainly directed at young women. The term could be translated literally with Tussi literature. The meaning of this is that Chick lit is an unpretentious but humorous and shallow novel, whose target group is women. This term, which appeared for the first time in the 1990s, is quite positive.
Chiasmus
Chiasmus is a stylistic medium that we encounter in lyric poetry. In this case, equivalent words, partial sentences or sentences are arranged in a cross-wise manner in the immediate sequence. This means that the chiasmus describes the almost mirror image of one of these elements in the following section.
Charaktereigenschaften
If you want to make a description of a person, a characterization or even a single profile, a figure will aptly describe. It is a good thing for the individual characters of the respective protagonist to be worked out in detail. However, when writing, one tends to keep repeating. In order to save you this time, we would like to offer you an overview of different character traits, so that writing is easier and the person can be described in many different ways.
Charakterisierung
The characterization is first encountered at school, when it comes to describing the individual characters of a narrative or of a general text in more detail. This means that we elaborate the essential character traits of the actors in order to provide us with an overview of the essence and being of a character.
Cento
Cento is a text (often a poem) composed of verses, verses, verses, quotations, quotations and speeches as well as other text passages of well-known authors. Centos parodies the works, the parts they use, mostly not, but rather form a collage. They thus point to the intertextuality of literature (here: concrete references between texts).
Carpe diem
The Latin meaning of the word carpe diem, which allows the day to be translated and the day to be translated, goes back to the Ode An Leukonoë, which by the ancient poet Horaz, Chr was written. In the last verse of the Odestrophe the well-known word sequence is found. This represents an appeal to enjoy the scarce lifetime and not to postpone tomorrow. The saying has become the winged word and is partly also used as a day. This translation, however, does not fully meet Horace’s intention with the words carpe diem.
Captatio benevolentiae
Captio benevolentiae is a rhetorical stylistic device that can be found in all literary genres. Captio benevolentiae describes the fact that the author of a text – or the voice that precedes the actual text – turns directly to the receiver (reader, listener, spectator) with flattering words to ask him to accept the following in … Read more
Cantilène
As a cantilène, a short poem is described in mediaeval French literature which was intended for the sung lecture. The Cantilène is a variant of the Latin sequence, which describes a lyric, hymn-like singing, which means a texting of the Gregorian Hallelujah in church music. The Cantilène was mostly a sacred song that served the veneration of saints, or lyrical songs, which were an integral part of the Christian liturgy. Since the 13th century there have also been known as “Cantilène”, generally secular dance, love, complaint, or prize. Earlier, it was assumed that the same term was also an epic-lyrical heroic element, a precursor of the chanson de geste, one of the oldest narrative genres of French literature-this presumption is now contested.
Canción
Canción is a Spanish lyrical song which was one of the essential genres of the Spanish literature of the Middle Ages, which mostly dealt with religious themes or love. In the original form the Canción was intended for the lecture, but in the course of time it changed to a predominantly lyric poetry. As Canción trovadoresca described it in the 15./16. Century, a five-line, Trochaic silver. In the first verse, the poem was preceded by a motto, usually a proverb, with the following lines varying in this motto, which is called Volte. There are two lines of verse on the first (either 2nd and 4th or even 3rd and 5th). Since this form seems rather limited, the Canción was extended over time, then it consisted of a total of 12 lines, with the motto becoming four lines. Since the Renaissance, and especially through the influence of the canon (see poems), almost every stanza has been designated with this concept, and still later almost every popular member.
Byline
As Byline (Russian Bylina), also Starine, is called an epic heroic part of the Russian folk poetry. It usually comprises several hundred rhythmic lines, which were often rhymed and characterized by a central cascade. The Bylines are dealing with historical or legendary subjects of Russian history, some of which also contain mythological elements (see Mythos). Such bylines have their origins in the Middle Ages, although many new creations can still be found in the 16th century. They were traditionally performed in the chant, and were rarely accompanied by music. The Byline was spread by rushing gamblers (Skomorochi), handed down orally, and continued mainly in the Volksmund.
Bustrophedon
As bustrophedon, also sometimes boustrophedon, is meant a notation in which the direction of writing of the text changes in each line. In German, we use a horizontal right-hand font, which means that we write from left to right. If a German text bustrophedon was written, the following line would be written from right to left. This change of the direction of writing is particularly characteristic of ancient inscriptions, in which the direction of the text has sometimes been flexible and the alignment of the individual letters has not yet been clearly defined. This eliminates the reading of the line jump (see Enjambement).
Bürgerliches Trauerspiel
A bourgeois tragedy is a form of the drama, and consequently a thater genre, which was mainly the result of the Enlightenment (see Literaturepochen). It is essential for the bourgeois tragedy which shows the destiny of people who are bourgeois. This development was considered to be particularly important because, in the baroque period, the state clause prohibited citizens from being the protagonists of a tragedy, which is why it was reserved for the nobility. Bourgeois substances were shown above all in comedy (cf. play). In bourgeois tragedy the tragic conflict was then triggered by the strong antagonism of the social classes, which in turn overcame certain privileges of the estates, but their existence was strengthened to the same extent. This solving from the classical image of tragedy was also evident in the language. Instead of in verse, as usual in tragedy, the bourgeois tragedy was written in prose.
Bulletin
A bulletin was originally a daily report or a regular notice, and later an official bulletin. Since the eighteenth century, many periodicals have carried this title, ie periodical printed works (gazettes, journals, magazines, newspapers, and newspapers). In addition, the Bulletin refers to the official medical report of a person of public life. Today it is mostly an official statement. An example is the Epidemiological Bulletin of the Robert Koch Institute with official announcements and contributions.
Bühnenanweisungen
The stage remarks are the remarks of a poet, who is interspersed with the drama of a dramatic text (cf. literary genres), where he gives information about the stage design, appearance, equipment, gestures, mimicry, and the manner of speaking of the actors. In addition, such stage assignments can also describe the nature and protagonists of the protagonists, such as their tempo and behavior, where acoustic effects can also be mentioned here. Stage instructions are usually presented in italics, and are primarily intended for actors and directors to bring the respective work to the stage according to the respective poet. However, such information can also inspire the reader’s imagination.
Buchstabieren
The process of naming the individual letters of a word in succession is called spelling. People then spell out if they want to communicate the correct spelling of a word or phrase. As a rule, the letter is named by the letter name (C ~ Ce, F ~ Eff, J ~ Jot). However, the method is error-prone, as sounds can be overheard. Therefore, there are so-called spelling tables, which define a word for each letter.
Buchstabe
The letter is the character of a font. This character is representative of a sound, a sound sequence, or a loudspeaker of the respective language. Accordingly, letters are used for the transcription of a language. The entirety of the individual letters of a language yields the alphabet. The sounds (phonemes) are thus fixed in signs (graphems).