Paronomasia, also called paranomasia, is a rhetorical stylistic device used in all literary genres. Paronomasia describes a word play, in which similar or similar words are compiled, which have partly opposite, but in any case different meanings. A special form is the Figura etymologica, which combines words of different types of words, but of the same tribe. The stylistic is also related to the polyptotone.
Literary Devices
Parody
The parody is the mocking or joking imitation and the distorting overwriting of an artistic work. The parody can refer to works, styles and genres. It can be found in all the arts (film, music, literature, etc.), and it can also be found in all literary genres (epic, drama, lyric). The parody mimics a work either exaggerated, mocking or using the form of the work and filling it with its own, inappropriate content. Thus the melody of a song could be used, but the text would be changed. So it is important for the understanding that the original is known. Satire, travesty and persiflage are related.
Parenthesis
Parenthesis is a rhetorical stylistic device used in texts of every kind and literary genre. As a parenthesis, the interruption of a sentence is designated by the insertion of another sentence. In this case, the inserted sentence is placed in dashes, brackets, or commas, and is grammatically complete and independent.
Parataxis
The Parataxe is a stylistic device. The Parataxe describes a juxtaposition of independent sentences, that is, principal sentences. These can be linked by commas, semicolons, dashes, or conjunctions (see sentence series) or separated by a period. It is important that this sequence is not interrupted by secondary sentences, ie subordinate sentences. In addition, the ranking of words and groups of words can also be considered as paratactic. A paratactic text can be short, strong or absolute. The counterpart is the hypotaxis.
Parallelism
Als Parallelismus wird ein rhetorisches Stilmittel bezeichnet, das uns in allen literarischen Gattungen begegnen kann. Der Parallelismus meint die Wiederholung derselben Wortreihenfolge in Sätzen, die aufeinander folgen. Das bedeutet, dass gleiche Satzarten, die nacheinander folgen, eine identische Abfolge ihrer Satzglieder (Subjekt, Prädikat, Objekt, Adverbial etc.) aufweisen. Oft werden hierbei sogar Wörter wiederholt, was die Parallelität verstärkt. Verwandt sind Chiasmus und Antithese.
Paradox
A rhetorical stylistic device is called a paradox. The paradox is the exaggerated, absurd and seemingly contradictory formulation of a thought. This contradictory statement, however, is a deep knowledge. Paradoxes, on closer inspection, always have a higher truth. The inconsistency of the stylistic figure is shared with the oxymoron.
Parabe
The parable is an epic small form, which is related to the parable. The parabola is a short, instructive text, which must be decrypted by the receiver (reader, listener). In a parable, a story is told, which can be transferred to a really meant situation. In this context, one speaks of two levels: the image plane as well as the plane plane. The image plane describes the superficial event, from which the real thing can be deduced by interpretation: the plane of affairs. The parabola, therefore, resembles the fable and the allegory.
Parabasis
The parabase is an element of the Attic comedy and thus the drama. The parabase refers to a moment when the chorus comes out of its role, ie acts outside the drama, and directs itself directly to the audience. Usually, the parabase can be found in the post-play of the play, and consisted in the ancient Greek comedy mostly of seven parts.
Pamphlet
The pamphlet, also libel, pamphlet, and pamphlet, is a written treatise that criticizes grievances, attacks people and institutions, or even demands the implementation of specific demands. The pamphlet often has a polemical, attacking character and is often characterized by a passionate style. In this case the objectivity of the argumentation and the rhetorical design of the slogans suffer in many instances. The primary goal of the pamphlet is thus the denunciation or the targeted reduction of a person or thing.
Pair rhyme
The pair rhyme is a very well-known rhyme scheme, which is quite common in children’s rhymes, children’s songs, counting rhymes and, of course, in popular music. This is due to the fact that the pair rhyme is very simple knitted and also has a very catchy rhyme scheme. This follows the pattern aabb.
Ostracon
The Ostrakon is a pottery shard, which served as a cheap writing material in addition to papyrus and parchment in antiquity. Such ostracs were mainly found in ancient Greece as well as in the Egypt of the 3rd century BC, Chr. Most of the time, the shards were used to keep short notes, such as school assignments, invoices, receipts, lists, sayings or even concise letters of all kinds. In addition, literary and religious texts can also be found on Ostraka. For this purpose, the text has either been inked or carved into the Ostracon using a pointed object. Very rarely, however, the term is also used for shell, egg and limestone shards, which serve the same purpose.
Ora et labora
Ora et labora is a Latin saying, praying and working! and has its origins in the Late Middle Ages (see Literaturepochen). The saying can be regarded as an essential principle of the Benedictines, a monk’s order of the Roman Catholic Church. In principle, it is a matter of the fact that the work and the prayer are always alternating, whereby it is assumed that the work – when it demands man and reveals his talents – occupies an important place in human life and is also essential to this to the same extent. Prayer is, however, not to be regarded as idleness, but rather as a form of inner work.
Opus magnum
Opus magnum, also Magnum opus, is the most important work of an artist. The term is used primarily in connection with writers, poets and musicians, but is also used by scientists. The terms “summum opus” and “opus summum” are equally significant, whereby the œuvre means the total work of an artist. In alchemy, the term means the transformation of a substance into gold as well as the creation of the philosopher’s stone.
Opponent
Opponent is a person who represents a contrary opinion in the scientific controversy. In ancient rhetoric, there is the concept of disputation (see Disput), which meant a dispute or discussion. In such a disputation Opponent and Proponent met. In doing so, the proponent opened up the dialogue and made a statement (thesis), which the opponent had to refute argumentatively. Now the proponent tried to defend his assertion. If he succeeded, he was the victor. Such disputes are still taking place at universities today.
Operators
Operators are defined as very specific words. Operators are signal words which can be encountered in any given position and which tell us what is to be done in the respective task at all. Operators are divided into three requirements (AFB), which reflect the degree of difficulty of the corresponding task.
Onomatopoesie
Onomatopoeia, including lute painting, sound painting, or onomatopoeia, is a rhetoric style used in all literary genres. Onomatopoeia means the reproduction and imitation of non-linguistic sounds by linguistic means. That is, words or phrases are intended to remind the receiver (reader, listener) of how this auditory sound or sound they actually sound sounds. Such onomatopoetic words therefore recall or mimic a sound, but are not always self-explanatory.
Homoioteleuton
The Homoioteleuton, also Homöoteleuton, Homoeoteleuton as well as Omoioteliton, is a rhetorical stylistic means which we meet mainly in lyricism (cf. literary genres). The Homoioteleuton means that the final syllables of successive words, sentences, or even shorter sentences are rhyming. Thus, the stylistic figure is related to the epiphyse and the internal rhyme, and is … Read more
Okkasionalismus
Occasionalism is a spontaneous, and often unique, word-creation. In philosophy the doctrine of occasional causes is described. In this article the first meaning is considered: occasionalisms as linguistic occasional formations, which can be used as stylistic means. This is a new word, spontaneously formed by the speaker, to close a linguistic gap.
Oeuvre
The entire work of an artist is described as an œuvre. The œuvre means all the works and not only those which are given in a catalog, but also sketches or studies on a painting, other works of art, as well as fragments. This term refers to all artisans. If the author’s literary overall work is displaced, one speaks mostly of the total output, which includes the unabridged output of all works or a genre.
Ode
The ode is a poem with a strophic outline, characterized by a solemn and sublime style. In principle, however, the ode does not have any loop binding, which means that there is no fixed rhyme scheme. In antiquity almost every lyrical work, which was presented to music, was considered an ode. It was not until the eighteenth century that the ode was distinguished from the song, as it was characterized by its artistic design and superior style.
Number
A numeric form is used as a number in the grammar to express quantities. Thus, the number that a term describes can be recognized. In the German grammar, we distinguish between singular (singular) and plural (plural). In German, the nouns noun, adjective, verb, articles and pronouns form their own number forms and are therefore adapted to the number of the designated person. In other languages it can be different.
Numerale
As a numeric, also a numeric word, a grammar is called a word type. The numeralies describe my words which describe the number, quantity, or rank of a thing or thing. In this case, numerals can be distinguished into definite as well as undetermined ones, which are expressed in cardinal numbers (one, two, …), ordinal numbers (first, …), fractional numbers (one third, …), duplicate words (double, …) and undefined number adjectives.
Normative argument
An argument is a statement to prove a proposition, ie a thesis. The strength of such a thesis depends on the quality of the arguments we can find for them. A normative argument is a statement which is based on a recognized pattern of thought, ie a norm. Such patterns of thought are called topoi.
Normatives Argument
An argument is a statement to prove a proposition, ie a thesis. The strength of such a thesis depends on the quality of the arguments we can find for them. A normative argument is a statement which is based on a recognized pattern of thought, ie a norm. Such patterns of thought are called topoi.
Nonsense
As a nonsense, also a nonsense poetry or nonsense poetry, is a literary genre, which can be present in both prose and verse. Nonsense poetry is illogical, breaks with norms of language, uses empty comparisons and paradoxical statements. However, nonsense is not meaningless, since texts of this kind still follow systematic rules. A typical form is the shaking rhymes, whereby numerous children’s rhymes are characterized by the described features.
Nonarime
The nonarime is a stanza form as well as a special form of the Italian stanza. A stanza is a stanza, which is composed of eight Iambian lines with eleven syllables and a female cadence. Most of the time the punch follows the rhyme scheme / cc. A nonarime expands this structure. There are nine lines, ie an additional ending line, where the sequence of sequences corresponds to the pattern abababccb. The last verse therefore also rhymes with the second.
Nominative
A case (case) is referred to as a nominative, also a case or a case. The case indicates the relationship between a noun and the other elements in the sentence. The nominative is the basic form of the noun, whereby the subject is always nominative in a sentence. Furthermore, the nominative is the most frequently used case in the German grammar.
Noun
As nouns, also nouns and main words, things, facts and creatures are designated. Basically my nouns, however, any words that have an actual thing to the content. They are divided into concrete and abstracted nouns. Specifically, all who actually think of an object (house, table, dog), while abstract abstracts describe something thought (courage, joy, love). Nouns are usually accompanied by an article and must be declined.
Nevertheless
Numbly was originally a jokey catchword from the student’s language, which has spread since the nineteenth century in the language of communication and writing. The word is composed of the same meaningless words, and yet together, and for a long time it was only a colloquial joke. Due to the high distribution of the word novelty, it sooner or later entered various dictionaries of the German language and is used by numerous speakers, which is often referred to as the “real” word of the language of communication.
A neutral narrator
An epic text has a narrator who tells the story to the reader. This narrator can take different positions. This position is called a narrative perspective. Basically, we distinguish four narrative perspectives: the auctorial, personal, neutral, and the special form of the narrator. This post is about the neutral narrator.
Neologism
As neologism is called a new language. This can be understood as a rhetorical stylistic device. Neologism is a new-born linguistic expression for new concepts or things. Neologisms are formed by the combination of already existing elements or by means of a meaning transfer as well as the borrowing or translation from a foreign language. Neologisms exist in all living languages.
Four-ear model
The four-ear model, also a four-page model, news square or communication square, is a communication model of Friedemann Schulz von Thun. The communication scientist Schulz von Thun assumes that the sending and receiving of a message always takes place in four ways. Whoever speaks, communicates the following levels: content, relationship, self-disclosure and appeal. The speaker thus speaks with four beaks. The receiver can also hear the content on these four levels. Thus he hears with four ears.
Retelling
The re-enumeration is a form of the essay in which the aim is to recount a read text in hindsight and to reproduce it in its own words. The re-enumeration is introduced in the German language at elementary school and is an important basis for later discussions with the written language (→ write content)
Myth
The myth is an anonymous, first oral tradition, which tells of gods, demons, heroes, and events of the past, and above all of the creation of man or of the world. Such myths can be demonstrated in all cultures, whereby they are a way of mankind to express their world and self-understanding. The myth is thus a form of the (religious) world interpretation and gives answers to the primordial history of mankind. The totality of all the myths of a people or culture is their mythology. Myths always have a claim to truth, so they claim to be true. Sage and legend are similar.
Morse code
The Morse alphabet, also Morse code or Morse code, is a way to convey letters, numbers, special characters, and other characters of punctuation. The Morse alphabet is based on the fact that an acoustic or visual signal is switched on and off. The signal is either long or short and is separated by pauses. The Morse alphabet can be transmitted via radio and audio signals or as an electrical pulse as well as mechanically or optically. (→ here is the online translator for Morsecode).
Monophthong
A simple vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is named as monophthong. Vowels are referred to as lutes, in the pronunciation of which the air stream of the speaker is not hindered, as is the case with the consonants. A simple vowel is now a sound whose vowel quality does not change when speaking. The shaping of the speech apparatus remains the same for monophthong. In dipthong it changes.
Monologue
As a monologue, in contrast to dialogue, the self-talk of a character is called. The monologue can be used both in the lyric as well as in the epic, but is mainly characteristic of the drama (→ literary genres). The monologue means the conversation of a figure of the piece without the addressee (receiver), but with an imaginary listener (→ figurine).
Monograph
The monograph is a treatise, that is, the written representation, of a single object in book form. This means that the monograph deals with a single state of affairs, a living being, a problem, a work or a personality. It is irrelevant how many authors are involved in this work, when the contributions are devised together. Monographs are usually holistic. So you are trying to illuminate and present a theme from all points of view. The term is also used as a counterpart to continuous collections such as periodicals.
Means rhyme
A rhyme type and a special form of the Binnenreim are designated as the middle rhymes. In the middle rhyme, two words converge, which are in the following verses. It is important that the words that result in the binding are not at the beginning or end, but rather in the middle of the respective lines. Very similar forms are the middle rhymes and the rhyme rhyme.
Central axle set
As a center axis set, also an axial, symmetrical and centered set, a text is designated whose lines are centered on the center. This means that the individual text lines are centered on a central axis. The distance between the text and the column edge is thus identical on the left and on the right. In language usage, however, the formulation of a text is more common. The center axis set is also a form of the flutter set, because the individual text lines are not flush, but flutter at the sides and thus have a staircase structure.
Measure (Metrum)
The measure or metrum is a concept from the verse (metric). In this context, the measure describes the extent to which the individual syllables in each verse are accentuated or unstressed. In this way, the verses within a poem can, of course, influence the rhythm and structure, but also the mood and our reading.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a rhetorical stylistic which is used in all genera. In the case of metonymy, the intended word is replaced by another, which is in a real relation to what is meant. There is therefore a logical, spatial, causal or temporal connection between what is said and what is said. The stylistic figure is related to the metaphor and the Synekdoche, in some cases overlapping the stylistic means.
Metaphrase
Metaphrase is the word-wise translation of verse poetry in prose, whereby the rhyme scheme and the metrum are not always respected. Furthermore, the explanatory repetition of a word can be designated by a synonym as a metaphrase. If the second possibility occurs, the whole can be described as a rhetorical stylistic device.
Memoirs
The memorized life memories of an individual are described as memoirs. The chronological development is told in an epoch, but the focus is always placed on the perception of the experiencer. Thus, memoirs are memorabilia or records of self-witnessed events. In contrast to the chronicle, memoirs focus not on a history, but on a personal experience. In contrast to autobiography, the social role of the memoir writer is clearly the focus, not the career of the not yet socialized man. The identity of the author has thus already been consolidated in memoirs.
Memento mori
Memento mori is a Latin saying that comes to mind that you die! or quite generally with the remembrance of death! translated. The saying is a Vanitas symbol. Vanitas describes the Christian, Jewish notion that all life on earth is perishable. Such Vanitas motifs show and remind us that man has no power over life. In art there are frequently hourglasses or skulls, which make it clear that all life has somehow passed away. In addition, there are meanings that address this topic, such as Memento mori or Carpe diem. The turn of Memento mori dates back to the Middle Ages, but has been increasingly used since the Renaissance, and has witnessed an absolute climax in the works of the literature and art of the Baroque (see Literaturepochen).
Adebar
The stork is known as Adebar in the fable or in fairy tales and legends. The designation is therefore a fabeltier. In this case, quite concrete human characteristics are attributed adequately, while he is regarded as haughty, but also taught. In addition, the stork is considered to be the bearer of the newborn, which is why it is often represented with a bundle in the beak, and the surprise is that a stork sitting on the roof of a house announces the birth of a child. As far as the literature is concerned, it is essential that the qualities attributed to Adebar do not change in the course of such a narrative: Master Adebar does not develop as a result, which is why it is always foreseeable for the reader and the listener how, History.
Masterpiece
A masterpiece is the masterly, outstanding work of an artist who has convinced both the critics and the addressees as well as an extraordinary work of his work. The masterpiece is usually a late work of the artist, in which he condenses the gained experiences and knowledge in a special way in a work of art. The most important work, Opus magnum, is generally masterful.
Miniseries
A multipart is a work, which consists of at least two parts, which belong together in content. This can be a cinematic, musical or literary work, whereby the term is usually referred to as films or extensive prose works (eg novels). The individual works of such a multicomponent are, in fact, together in content, but generally function independently. The action of the individual parts is thus self-contained and rarely interrupted by strong cliffhangers.
Teichoscopy
As pondoscopy, also called Mauerschau, is called a technical stylistic means in the drama. Pondoscopy means the fact that a happening that can not be shown on the stage is nevertheless conveyed. The trick here is that the happening is moved behind a wall (obstacle) that the viewer does not overcome. Some figures can see and report it.
Dystopia
Dystopia, also called anti-utopia and matopia, is the counterpart of positive utopia (cf. eutopia). Dystopia is a narrative which shows a negative distortion of future humanity. This future is characterized by a society that has developed into a negative one. Frequent themes are the enslavement of mankind and, in general, the circumcision of all freedoms, which is often caused by an overpowering technique which has been designed by man himself, but will no longer be handled in the future. In addition, dystopia often shows the totalitarian state and its power, with only small groups enjoying privileges and lower and middle class living standards below the level of contemporary societies. There is often a protagonist in these dystopias, who inquires about these social conditions and feels that something is in the arrogance, in which case he rebels against the system or the rulers.