Acid rain is not a recent phenomenon. In the 17th century, scientists noted the ill effects that industry and acidic pollution was having on vegetation and people. However, the term acid rain was not coined until two centuries later when Angus Smith published a book called ‘Acid Rain’ in 1872 ( Zumdahl 173). Acidic pollutants can be deposited from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface in wet and dry forms. The common term to describe this process is acid deposition.
The term acid precipitation is used to specifically describe wet forms of acid pollution that can be found in rain, sleet, snow, fog, and cloud vapor. An acid can be defined as any substance that when dissolved in water dissociates to yield corrosive hydrogen ions. The acidity of a substances dissolved in water is commonly measured in terms of pH. According to this measurement scale solutions with pHs less than 7 are described as being acidic, while a pH greater than 7. 0 is considered alkaline.
Precipitation normally has a pH between 5. 0 to 5. ecause of natural atmospheric reactions involving carbon dioxide. Precipitation is considered to be acidic when its pH falls below 5. 6. Some sites in eastern North America have precipitation with pHs as low as 2. 3 or about 1000 times more acidic than natural ( Zumdahl 171). One of the main causes of acid rain is sulphur dioxide. Natural sources, which emit this gas, are volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world.
When sulphur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulphate ion. It then becomes sulphuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs mostly in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as, ammonia and ozone help to catalyze the reaction, converting more sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. One of the direct effects of acid rain is on lakes and its aquatic ecosystems. There are several routes through which acidic chemicals can enter the lakes.
Some chemical substances exist as dry particles in the air while others enter the lakes as wet particles such as rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew or fog. In addition, lakes can almost be thought of as the “sinks” of the earth, where rain that falls on land is drained through the sewage systems eventually makes their way into the lakes. Acid rain that falls onto the earth washes off the nutrients out of the soil and carries toxic metals that have been released from the soil into the lakes. Another harmful way in which acids can enter the lakes is spring acid shock.
When snow melts in spring rapidly due to a sudden temperature change, the acids and chemicals in the snow are released into the soils. The melted snow then runs off to streams and rivers, and gradually makes their way into the lakes. The introduction of these acids and chemicals into the lakes causes a sudden drastic change in the pH of the lakes. The aquatic ecosystem has no time to adjust to the sudden change. In addition, springtime is an especially vulnerable time for many aquatic species since this is the time for reproduction for amphibians, fish and insects.
Many of these species lay their eggs in the water to hatch. The sudden pH change is dangerous because the acids can cause serious deformities in their young or even annihilate the whole species since the young of many of such species spend a significant part of their life cycle in the water. Another serious impact of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulphuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum, which is also present in the soil, is freed and the roots of trees can absorb this toxic element.
Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not the entire sulphur dioxide is converted to sulphuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns back to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulphuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2. 5 to 4. 5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions.
Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new needles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at which they were replenished, photosynthesis was greatly affected, The actual way in which these needles were killed is still not yet known. However, studies have shown that calcium and magnesium nutrients are washed away from their binding sites when sulphuric acid enters the system. They are replaced by useless hydrogen atoms and this inhibits photosynthesis (Neufeld 1301).
In addition, severe frosts may also further aggravate this situation. With sulphur dioxide, ammonia and ozone present in the air, the frost-hardiness of trees are reduced. Ammonia oxidizes with sulphur dioxide to form ammonium sulphate. This product forms on the surface of the trees. When ammonium sulphate reaches the soils, it reacts to form both sulphuric and nitric acid. Such conditions also stimulate the growth of fungi and pests like the ambrosia beetle. When trees are under such stress, they release chemicals such as terpenes, which attract the ambrosia beetle.
Nitrogen oxide and nitric oxide, also components of acid rain, can force trees to grow even though they do not have the necessary nutrients. As well, the trees are sometimes forced to grow well into late autumn when it is actually time for them to prepare for severe frosts in the winter. Among the other serious side effects of acid pollution is that on human respiratory problems. The nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions give rise to respiratory problems such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose and throat irritations.
In August 1987, over one hundred people were treated for eye, throat, and mouth irritation when 2 tons (1. 8 metric tons) of highly toxic sulfur dioxide gas leaked from an Inco plant near Sudbury, Ontario ( The ABCs of Acid Rain). Even without accidents, the sulfur dioxide regularly emitted from Inco smokestacks has been linked to chronic bronchitis in Inco employees. An indirect effect of acid precipitation on humans is that the toxic metals dissolved in the water are absorbed in fruits, vegetables and in the tissues of animals.
Although these toxic metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious effects on humans when they are being consumed. The “safe” level of mercury in food has been set at about 0. 05 parts per million. Indians and Eskimos in parts of Canada and the United States eat fish and seal meat with mercury levels as high as 15. 7 and even 32. 7 parts per million ( The ABCs of Acid Rain). Finally, acid deposition effects a number inanimate features of human construction. Buildings and head stones that are constructed from limestone are easily attacked by acids, as are structures that are constructed of iron or steel.
Paint on cars can react with acid deposition causing fading. Books and age-old art that are centuries old are also being affected; the ventilation systems of the libraries and museums that hold them do not prevent the acidic particles from entering the buildings and so, they get in and circulate within the building, affecting and deteriorating the materials ( The ABCs Acid Rain). There are several things that can be done in order to alleviate the problems of acid deposition. For lakes that have been acidified, the pH can be increased by a technique called liming.
This process involves adding large quantities of hydrated lime, quick lime or soda ash to the waters in order to increase the alkalinity and pH. Areas that have employed this method have had some success with it. Liming, however, does not always work, as getting to the necessary lake may be impossible, the lake may be too big and therefore economically unfeasible, or the lake may have a high flush rate so that they quickly become acidified again after liming (Ellis; Bowman 273(18)). The best overall solution to the problems of acid deposition is to limit the emission of pollutants at their source.
Environmental regulations now limit the amount of sulphuric pollution that can now enter the atmosphere from industrial sources. Industrials have limited their emission of acidic pollutants through two methods. Many industries have switched to using fuels that have no sulphur or a low sulphur content. Other industries have used scrubbers installed on smokestacks to reduce the amount of sulphur dioxide being released into the atmosphere (Ellis; Bowman 273 (18)). The application of these two methods has created some promising results. Nevertheless, without the help everyone the fight for a cleaner air will soon be lost.
