The problem of bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. It has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; despite the number of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we know is that bipolar disorder severely screws up the person who has the ability to obtain and maintain friends and job success.
Because bipolar disorder has such bad symptoms, it is important that we keep looking for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a hell of alot of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive moods. The depressive episodes are characterized by bad feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.
The manic moods are made up by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior. Bipolar affective disorder affects one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves moods of mania and depression. These episodes may move around with real bad depressions characterized by a bad sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, deadly driving.
Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not. Most often, people with manic moods experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities, Jr. Bad rare symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation.
As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has showed, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia.
Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders. The often of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have fast cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission. The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive .
The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are “addicted” to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment. Often, euphoric characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to deepen. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence. When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode.
Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they “could jump out of their skin. Up to 50% of all people with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling depressed, and unhappy. They exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12 month period. There is now evidence to suggest that sometimes rapid cycling may be a thing of the bipolar disorder.
This form of the disease shows more moods of mania and depression than bipolar. Lithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder since its introduction in the 1960’s. It is main function is to stabilize the cycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is also the primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. In a majority of bipolar patients, it lessens the duration, frequency, and severity of the episodes of both mania and depression.
As many as 40% of bipolar patients are either unresponsive to lithium or can not tolerate the side effects. Some of the side effects include thirst, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, and edema. Patients who are unresponsive to lithium treatment are often those who experience dysphoric mania, mixed states, or rapid cycling bipolar disorder. One of the problems associated with lithium is the fact the long-term lithium treatment has been associated with decreased thyroid functioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Preliminary evidence also suggest that hypothyroidism may actually lead to rapid-cycling .
Another problem associated with the use of lithium is experienced by pregnant women. Its use during pregnancy has been associated with birth defects, particularly Ebstein’s anomaly. Based on current data, the risk of a child with Ebstein’s anomaly being born to a mother who took lithium during her first trimester of pregnancy is about 1 in 8,000, or 2. 5 times that of the general population. There are other effective treatments for bipolar disorder that are used in cases where the patients cannot tolerate lithium or have been unresponsive to it in the past.
The American Psychiatric Association’s guidelines suggest the next line of treatment to be Anticonvulsant drugs such as valproate and carbamazepine. These drugs are useful as antimanic agents, especially in those patients with mixed states. Both of these medications can be used in combination with lithium or in combination with each other. Valproate is especially helpful for patients who are lithium noncompliant, experience rapid-cycling, or have comorbid alcohol or drug abuse. Neuroleptics such as haloperidol or chlorpromazine have also been used to help stabilize manic patients who are highly angered or psychotic.
Use of these drugs is often necessary because the response to them are rapid, but there are risks involved in their use. Because of the often severe side effects, Benzodiazepines are often used in their place. Benzodiazepines can achieve the same results as Neuroleptics for most patients in terms of rapid control of agitation and excitement, without the severe side effects. A double-blind study by M. Gasperini, F. Gatti, L. Bellini, R. Anniverno, and E. Smeraldi showed that fluvoxamine and amitriptyline are highly effective treatments for bipolar patients experiencing depressive episodes.
This study is controversial however, because conflicting research shows that SSRIs and other antidepressants can actually precipitate manic episodes. Most doctors can see the usefulness of antidepressants when used in conjunction with mood stabilizing medications such as lithium. In addition to the mentioned medical treatments of bipolar disorder, there are several other options available to bipolar patients, most of which are used in conjunction with medicine. One such treatment is light therapy.
One study compared the response to light therapy of bipolar patients with that of unipolar patients. Patients were free of psychotropic and hypnotic medications for at least one month before treatment. Bipolar patients in this study showed an average of 90. 3% improvement in their depressive symptoms, with no incidence of mania or hypomania. They all continued to use light therapy, and all showed a sustained positive response at a three month follow. Another study involved a four week treatment of bright morning light treatment for patients with seasonal affective disorder and bipolar patients.
This study found a statistically significant decrement in depressive symptoms, with the maximum antidepressant effect of light not being reached until week four. Hypomanic symptoms were experienced by 36% of bipolar patients in this study. Predominant hypomanic symptoms included racing thoughts, deceased sleep and irritability. Surprisingly, one-third of controls also developed symptoms such as those mentioned above. Regardless of the explanation of the emergence of hypomanic symptoms in undiagnosed controls, it is evident from this study that light treatment may be associated with the observed symptoms.
Based on the results, careful professional monitoring during light treatment is necessary, even for those without a history of major mood disorders. Another popular treatment for bipolar disorder is electro-convulsive shock therapy. ECT is the preferred treatment for severely manic pregnant patients and patients who are homicidal, psychotic, catatonic, medically compromised, or severely suicidal. In one study, researchers found marked improvement in 78% of patients treated with ECT, compared to 62% of patients treated only with lithium and 37% of patients who received neither, ECT or lithium.
A final type of therapy that I found is outpatient group psychotherapy. According to Dr. John Graves, spokesperson for The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association has called attention to the value of support groups, and challenged mental health professionals to take a more serious look at group therapy for the bipolar population. Research shows that group participation may help increase lithium compliance, decrease denial regarding the illness, and increase awareness of both external and internal stress factors leading to manic and depressive episodes.
Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorders responds to the need for support and reinforcement of medication management, and the need for education and support for the interpersonal difficulties that arise during the course of the disorder. The manic phase is in the relation of attention deficit disorder hyperactive (ADHD), schizophrenia and psychotic illnesses. Like people who are going though a manic phase can be experience being distracted easily or to hyper to focus witch is in relation with ADHD.
And it can relate to schizophrenia and psychotic illnesses by basically having hell on earth like hallucinations, delusions, not being able to tell the difference between real and fake, etc. The depressive phase is in relation of amnesia, suicide. Like people who are going though a depressive stage can experience amnesia by loss of memory. And experience suicide thoughts, suicide attempts, suicide. Bipolar is a very bad disorder instead of just having a few symptoms it about 50. You could have it and not know it for your whole life. It symptoms could very it between not being able to focus in class to thinking that your god.